中國跨界民族身分策略中的國家意識：京族面對越族的區隔與聯繫

Abstract

政治學的分析單位是國家，國家的前提在於國界，新近關於國界意識模糊的現象，挑戰了政治學的基礎。國際關係文獻已經開始回應這個挑戰，但鮮有文獻由國內少數民族身分出發來檢討國界。本篇針對此一闕遺進行考察，重點是中國京族，並與朝鮮族與大板瑤族比較。中國邊境有許多跨界民族，如東北朝鮮族近年日益受重視，國家對朝族身分意識採取積極扶持的政策，這種正面介入使朝族身分與中華民族身分（或中國公民身分）之間，形成互補而非競爭的關係。至於京族，因為歷史與發展程度的因素，對越族感到優越，藉用中國公民身分與越族區隔。但京、越文化又高度互通，維持了京族在國家範疇內的獨特性。大板瑤社群情形類似，他們得以藉中國公民身分處理跨界民族面對兩國戰爭時的尷尬。兩族的經驗顯示，跨界民族不須被動接受國家動員，他們可運用國家公民身分，使國界的意義不受國家控制，也不受政治學的控制。Ethnic Communities on the sovereign borders often face the problem of double identities. This paper reports on the identity strategy of the Kinh people on the Sino-Vietnamese borders. Basically, the Kinh people identify with the Vietnamese identities culturally, but are able to separate them from the backward image in their identity as a Chinese citizen. The paper studies how the preservation of the cultural identity parallels with the construction of a separate state identity. State is reduced to an identity strategy in this case, suggesting the people on the border are not always passively torn between multiple sovereign controls.