貨櫃航商綠色航運競爭力評估指標之探討

Abstract

近年越來越多法規與環保團體為保護海洋環境提倡綠色航運，而過去也有許多研究指出航商執行綠色航運實務和航商本身的績效與競爭力間存在著正相關。但對於「綠色航運」這個新興的概念卻沒有明確定義與一組衡量其競爭力的相關指標。因此，本研究根據自然的資源基礎理論（Natural Resource-based view）及參考相關綠色航運文獻定義了綠色航運競爭力，並以自然的資源基礎理論的三個策略能力改良為航運競爭力的三個維度，接著以由上而下方法（Top-down approach）結合平衡計分卡和文獻回顧發展出與過去相比更為完整的一組參考指標內容，其中包含了十二個評估指標，三個維度分別為(1) 污染預防、(2) 綠化航運服務和 (3) 永續發展；而指標則分別為: (1) 公司環境政策與文化、(2)綠化航運設計、(3)綠色航運行銷、(4)船員綠色教育與訓練、(5)綠化船舶管控、(6)綠色航運設備、(7) 航運文件電子化、(8) 供應商環境保護合作、(9)貨主環境保護合作、(10)創新綠色航運科技的研發與投入、(11) 碳排放交易機制之運用、(12)環境關懷之公益活動。並以DEMATEL-based ANP 方法蒐集專家問卷，分析每個指標之間的相互影響關係，並計算出各指標的影響權重。結果顯示在指標中，「綠化船舶管控」扮演位居中心度最高的重要關鍵角色，而「碳排放交易機制之運用」對其他指標的影響程度最大，而三個維度之間的權重差異不大，顯示三個策略能力為相輔相成，航商在環境保護上不能太過短視近利，應兼顧現在與未來的市場與科技和長期社區關係建立。

In the recent years, more and more regulations and environmental protection groups have promoted ‘‘green shipping’’ for sustain marine environment. A few previous researches suggested there exists the positive relationship between green shipping practice and shipping firm’s performance and competitiveness. Accordingly, this research defines ‘‘Green Shipping Competitiveness’’ based on Natural Resource-based View (NRBV) and related literature review. We also adapted the three strategic capabilities of NRBV as the three dimension of green shipping competitiveness, which are (1) Pollution Prevention, (2) Greening Shipping Service and (3) Sustainable Development. Next, the Top-Down approach combined with Balanced Scorecard and related literature review is adopted to develop a more comprehensive set of indicators, including (1) Environmental policy and culture, (2) Shipping design, (3) Green marketing, (4) Greening education and training of crewman, (5) Green ship, (6) Green shipping equipment, (7) Green shipping document procedure, (8) Environmental coordination with supplier, (9) Environmental coordination with shipper, (10) Innovation of green shipping technology, (11) Strategic application of marine cap and trade, (12) Environmental-related philanthropies. We collected expert questionnaires and used DEMATEL-based ANP to analyze the relationship within the indicators and calculate the influential weight. The results shows ‘‘Greening ship’’ gets highest value of importance degree so it plays the key role in the whole system. ‘‘Strategic application of marine cap and trade’’ has the highest influential degree, which means most influence other indicators. The weight of the three dimensions doesn’t differ too much, but exist embeddedness, thus, for achieving green shipping competitiveness, shipping firms should take both current and future market and technologies into account.