考慮淡季及旺季需求之產能分配

Abstract

現今企業面臨景氣變化莫測，顧客需求快速變化，產能需求忽高忽低。在此情況下，企業常常要面臨這樣的問題：旺季時，顧客需求增加，企業產能不足，無法滿足所有顧客的需求；淡季時，顧客需求下降，企業產能過剩，造成機台閒置。在企業分配產能時，若以長期利潤觀點，較重要的顧客應分配到較多的產能，但通常較重要的顧客短期利潤不一定較高。長短期間該如何取捨找到一合適的產能分配。 在上述情境下，本研究假設代工廠不考慮產能擴充，及顧客淡季下單意願會受到旺季時分配到的產能影響，以層級分析法構建顧客重要程度。隨之，考量顧客重要程度和代工廠本身的產能限制等條件，以最大化公司利潤為目標，訂定代工廠最適之產能分配，以供管理決策者之參考。本研究以一案例說明代工廠如何訂定最適產能分配。並分析廠商在訂定產能分配決策後，在旺季時若某些顧客要求多給產能應如何計價。

In this research, considering the important degrees of customers, we present a systematic approach to determine the optimal capacity allocation for a make-to-order firm to maximize its profit. Due to customers’ demands rapid change, during the peak season, customers’ demands exceed the firm’s capacities. On the contrary, during the off-peak season, the customers’ demands rapidly decrease, resulting in the excess capacities of the firm. Moreover, the capacities allocated to a customer during the peak season influence his ordering quantities during the off-peak season. As mentioned above, first, using Analytic Hierarchy Process, we obtain the important degrees of customers. Then, we develop a profit model to determine the optimal capacity allocation of the firm under the constraints of fixed capacity and important degrees of customers. Finally, an example is given to illustrate this systematic approach. This approach can provide an integrated and objective perspective for decision makers on capacity allocation and help them make the trade-off between the profit and the importance of customers.