空氣污染防制系統之失效模式與影響分析-以垃圾焚化廠為例

Abstract

焚化廠為汽電共生廠，係以廢棄物做燃料，產生之熱能經鍋爐，產生高溫高壓蒸氣，推動汽輪輪發電機發電，而焚燒產生的廢氣，也都必須經過空氣污染防制設備處理後排放。其主要流程包括垃圾收受流程、灰渣及飛灰處理流程、廢氣處理流程、廢水處理流程、蒸汽發電系統流程、空氣流程。 本研究以垃圾焚化廠之空氣污染防制設備為研究對象，其範圍為空氣污染防制系統，包括旋風分離器、半乾式洗煙塔、袋濾式集塵器等次系統，再劃分設備單元及元件，以危害分析方法之失效模式與影響分析分析FMEA（Failure Modes and Effects Analysis）做研究方法，探討其失誤之模式種類，及可能對系統造成之影響，進而加以事先預防，並輔以營運之實際狀態，對空氣污染防制設備失效之各種模式組合做空氣模擬，預測污染濃度，評估焚化廠在空氣污染防制設備失效時，其排放物對周界空氣品質的影響。 經由空氣模擬，空氣污染防制設備失效其短時間造成之污染濃度有超出法規，污染環境之虞，嚴重者實務上作法為緊急停爐，是不可能讓焚化爐在失效狀態下而維持正常運轉。

Incineration plant is the cogeneration plant making the heat energy by the rejects as the fuel. The heat energy passes through the boiler, and produces the high temperature and high pressure which leads the turbine to generate electricity. And the waste gas produced by burning should pass air pollution control device and can be released. The main procedure consists of receiving trash, dealing with slag, fly ash, waste gas, waste water, steam generator and air. This research focuses on the air pollution control devices of incineration plants. The air pollution control device system consists of cyclones, fabric filters and spray reactors, and all of which are divided into equipment units and parts. The failure modes and effects analysis of hazard analysis was applied to discuss failure sort of the system and possible effects of the system so as to prevent it in advance. Besides, I applied air simulation to every mixture of modes of failure air pollution control devices with the condition of management, predict density of pollution, and estimated the effect of waste released by the incineration plant to the surrounding air quality when the air pollution control device did not work. By air simulation, the density of pollution caused at a short time when air pollution control device did not work was out of regulation and could pollute the environment. The stricter had to stop the incinerator in reality because it was impossible to keep it running when air pollution control device did not work..