第三方物流保險問題與對策之研究

Abstract

由於現代商業策略的演進，市場上的競爭，已從單一或集團公司的競爭變成供應鏈的競爭，因此效率與成本也成為競爭的主軸。現代物流摒棄單一、簡單的傳統物流操作，進而整合供應鏈中的物流活動，以達到提昇物流效率、降低物流成本的目標。供應鏈中的企業為了專注核心事業的發展和掌控物流成本，大都將物流作業外包給專業物流公司，也就是所謂的『第三方物流業者』，然後自己居於整合產、銷和物流等活動的控制中樞。企業不但將商機給了專業物流業者，相對地也將物流運作的風險轉嫁至他們的身上；因此，除了各種無法預測的自然災害外，意外事故和經營管理的疏忽，都有可能造成物流業者的重大損失進而影響其營運。現代物流整合不僅強調運作資訊的整合，也注重實體運作的銜接問題，而物流是支援商業交易的活動，隨著商業活動的日趨複雜，物流過程的環節也日益增多，那麼各環節銜接所產生的作業風險進而延伸的相關損失，自然也成為專業物流公司的最大負擔。 而在風險管理策略的組合中，最常為企業使用者便是保險；因為保險對企業來說，沒有技術或資金的門檻且財務規劃相當容易，只要付出和風險對等的保險費即可。但是物流相關的保險業務對保險業者而言，是一種逆選擇情形相當嚴重的保險業務，損失機率和幅度都較其他產業來得高。因此，對於物流業的投保，保險業者一般採取拒保、限制保險金額或範圍等態度。如此一來，物流業者不僅在營運上承擔過高的風險，在業務行銷上也遭遇極大的困擾，因為愈來愈多的外包企業要求在簽約合作前，物流業者必須出示所投保的保單，而且投保金額及範圍都要達到其要求。所以現在國內物流業者對於保險公司所提供的商品、價錢和理賠限制，幾乎只能全盤接受或在很小的條件範圍內與保險公司討價還價，無法針對自己的需求投保，使得覆蓋風險的保護罩中出現相當多的破綻，最後只能自己編制預算以承擔保險公司所不願意承保的危險，這樣不但降低營運資金的運用效率，也直接使物流業者的風險管理成本提高，甚至造成有些物流業者的投機賭博心態。所以目前的保險問題對於物流業者來說，是在風險管理策略組合上，亟欲突破的一個重點。 本研究藉由文獻探討和個案訪談物流業者及保險業者的方式，整理歸納出訪談資料，將物流保險問題分為兩類，一是物流業所面對的保險問題，另一是保險業所面臨的承接保險問題。從中發現問題的重心不在於單純的供需關係，而在於物流市場的惡性競爭、物流業的風險管理績效不彰和保險業承擔風險能力有限等三個原因。然後針對這三項議題，就相關可行的方案提出建議給政府、物流業和保險業參考。

Due to the evolution of modern commercial strategy, the competition between companies or conglomerates has turned into the one of supply-chains competition in any commercial field. Efficiency and cost are two pivotal factors for the competition. For achieving the goal of increasing the efficiency of logistic operations and cutting down the logistic costs, modern logistics has turned the single, simple traditional logistics operation into logistic activities of supply chain integration services. Most of companies in the supply-chains outsourcing their logistic operations to so-called “the third party logistics” so they can focus on developing their core businesses and logistic costs control, and becoming a collaboration center of combining the activities of production, sales and logistics. The enterprises not only giving the logistics companies businesses. Operational risks are transferred to 3PL in the same time. These could cause the professional logistics companies suffering from a huge loss and influence the running of their business. Modern logistics focus on the linkage of the practical operations and the integration of operational information. Logistics support commercial trading. The more complicated commercial activities became, the more logistic processes are. The operational risks exist in the processes become major burden of the professional logistics companies. Insurance policy is often used in the strategy of risk management by enterprises. Purchasing insurance is an easy thing, just pay money for the risks, no threshold for technique or finance. But the logistics insurance business is a kind of anti-selection business for insurers, which means its potential loss is larger than other industries. Hence, insurers usually take the ways of rejecting or limited the amount range to insure logistics companies. If insurers doing this way, logistics companies not only taking the risks that they can not take upon themselves, but also be greatly bothered over sales, because most of enterprises outsourcing their logistic operations certainly will request 3PL show insurance contract that must be accorded with their expectation of amount and range insured before signing contract. Up to the present, domestic logistics companies are almost forced to accept the policies, the amount of premium and the limitation of claim being provided by insurers, not much room for bargaining with insurers. Finally, logistics companies have to plan budget for shouldering the risks the insurer doesn’t want to take. The situation like that doesn’t only lower turnover rate of capital, but also making 3PL the cost of risk management higher, even make them have the mindset of speculation in a risky adventure. The research adopts the method of papers review, interview with the third party logistics companies and insurers. After that, we collected all the information of the interview and analyzed real problems of the logistics insurance with three topics － industrial environment of logistics, risk management of logistics and limitation of Taiwan property insurance market. Three major finding as follow, (1) the kernel of the problem is not in the relationship between supply and demand, but in the malicious competition of the logistic market. (2) The bad performance of risk management in 3PL industry. (3) Insurers’ ability to undertake the risks. This research provided the feasible schemes for government、logistics industry and insurers reference.