Browsing by Author "Gordon, Stephen"

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Agreement Rate Initialized Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Ensemble Classifier Aggregation and Its Application in Brain-Computer Interface
(2016-01-01)
Wu, Dongrui
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Lawhern, Vernon J.
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Gordon, Stephen
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Lance, Brent J.
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Lin, Chin-Teng
Ensemble learning is a powerful approach to construct a strong learner from multiple base learners. The most popular way to aggregate an ensemble of classifiers is majority voting, which assigns a sample to the class that most base classifiers vote for. However, improved performance can be obtained by assigning weights to the base classifiers according to their accuracy. This paper proposes an agreement rate initialized maximum likelihood estimator (ARIMLE) to optimally fuse the base classifiers. ARIMLE first uses a simplified agreement rate method to estimate the classification accuracy of each base classifier from the unlabeled samples, then employs the accuracies to initialize a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), and finally uses the expectation-maximization algorithm to refine the MLE. Extensive experiments on visually evoked potential classification in a brain-computer interface application show that ARIMLE outperforms majority voting, and also achieves better or comparable performance with several other state-of-the-art classifier combination approaches.
Driver Drowsiness Estimation From EEG Signals Using Online Weighted Adaptation Regularization for Regression (OwARR)
(2017-12-01)
Wu, Dongrui
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Lawhern, Vernon J.
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Gordon, Stephen
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Lance, Brent J.
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Lin, Chin-Teng
One big challenge that hinders the transition of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) from laboratory settings to real-life applications is the availability of high-performance and robust learning algorithms that can effectively handle individual differences, i.e., algorithms that can be applied to a new subject with zero or very little subject-specific calibration data. Transfer learning and domain adaptation have been extensively used for this purpose. However, most previous works focused on classification problems. This paper considers an important regression problem in BCI, namely, online driver drowsiness estimation fromEEG signals. By integrating fuzzy sets with domain adaptation, we propose a novel online weighted adaptation regularization for regression (OwARR) algorithm to reduce the amount of subject-specific calibration data, and also a source domain selection (SDS) approach to save about half of the computational cost of OwARR. Using a simulated driving dataset with 15 subjects, we show that OwARR and OwARR-SDS can achieve significantly smaller estimation errors than several other approaches. We also provide comprehensive analyses on the robustness of OwARR and OwARR-SDS.
Offline EEG-Based Driver Drowsiness Estimation Using Enhanced Batch-Mode Active Learning (EBMAL) for Regression
(2016-01-01)
Wu, Dongrui
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Lawhern, Vernon J.
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Gordon, Stephen
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Lance, Brent J.
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Lin, Chin-Teng
There are many important regression problems in real-world brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, e.g., driver drowsiness estimation from EEG signals. This paper considers offline analysis: given a pool of unlabeled EEG epochs recorded during driving, how do we optimally select a small number of them to label so that an accurate regression model can be built from them to label the rest? Active learning is a promising solution to this problem, but interestingly, to our best knowledge, it has not been used for regression problems in BCI so far. This paper proposes a novel enhanced batch-mode active learning (EBMAL) approach for regression, which improves upon a baseline active learning algorithm by increasing the reliability, representativeness and diversity of the selected samples to achieve better regression performance. We validate its effectiveness using driver drowsiness estimation from EEG signals. However, EBMAL is a general approach that can also be applied to many other offline regression problems beyond BCI.
Real-World Neuroimaging Technologies
(2013-01-01)
McDowell, Kaleb
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Lin, Chin-Teng
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Oie, Kelvin S.
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Jung, Tzyy-Ping
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Gordon, Stephen
Decades of heavy investment in laboratory-based brain imaging and neuroscience have led to foundational insights into how humans sense, perceive, and interact with the external world. However, it is argued that fundamental differences between laboratory-based and naturalistic human behavior may exist. Thus, it remains unclear how well the current knowledge of human brain function translates into the highly dynamic real world. While some demonstrated successes in real-world neurotechnologies are observed, particularly in the area of brain-computer interaction technologies, innovations and developments to date are limited to a small science and technology community. We posit that advancements in real world neuroimaging tools for use by a broad-based workforce will dramatically enhance neurotechnology applications that have the potential to radically alter human system interactions across all aspects of everyday life. We discuss the efforts of a joint government-academic-industry team to take an integrative, interdisciplinary, and multi-aspect approach to translate current technologies into devices that are truly fieldable across a range of environments. Results from initial work, described here, show promise for dramatic advances in the field that will rapidly enhance our ability to assess brain activity in real-world scenarios.
Spectral Meta-Learner for Regression (SMLR) Model Aggregation: Towards Calibrationless Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
(2016-01-01)
Wu, Dongrui
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Lawhern, Vernon J.
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Gordon, Stephen
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Lance, Brent J.
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Lin, Chin-Teng
To facilitate the transition of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems from laboratory settings to real-world application, it is very important to minimize or even completely eliminate the subject-specific calibration requirement. There has been active research on calibrationless BCI systems for classification applications, e.g., P300 speller. To our knowledge, there is no literature on calibrationless BCI systems for regression applications, e.g., estimating the continuous drowsiness level of a driver from EEG signals. This paper proposes a novel spectral meta-learner for regression (SMLR) approach, which optimally combines base regression models built from labeled data from auxiliary subjects to label offline EEG data from a new subject. Experiments on driver drowsiness estimation from EEG signals demonstrate that SMLR significantly outperforms three state-of-the-art regression model fusion approaches. Although we introduce SMLR as a regression model fusion in the BCI domain, we believe its applicability is far beyond that.