Browsing by Author "Lin, Tzu-Kang"

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A bridge safety monitoring system for prestressed composite box-girder bridges with corrugated steel webs based on in-situ loading experiments and a long-term monitoring database
(2016-11-01)
Sung, Yu-Chi
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chiu, Yi-Tsung
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Chang, Kuo-Chun
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Chen, Kuo-Long
In order to reduce the self-weight of Highway No. 4 in the Taichung living circle in Taiwan, a corrugated steel web, with a span of 145 m, is used to replace the conventional concrete web. To appraise the structural safety and operating conditions of a prestressed composite box-girder bridge with a corrugated steel web, which is the first bridge of its kind in Taiwan, a bridge monitoring system is developed based on in-situ experiments, numerical modeling, and long-term monitoring. In order to determine the initial static and dynamic behaviors of a real bridge, a series of experiments are first carried out on a newly constructed bridge. Before entering service, a bridge is subjected to forced vibration experiments and static loading experiments to establish its initial condition. In this study, a numerical model of the bridge is constructed based on the finite element method. The results of the structural analysis are compared with experimental data, and the two sets of results are found to show good agreement. Moreover, thermometers, strain gages, displacement gages, and inclinometers are installed on the bridge to measure changes in the physical quantities, and the monitored temperature gradient profile over a year is fed back to the numerical model for further analysis. Results have indicated that the in-situ linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and inclinometer monitoring data can be effectively simulated by the numerical model. Finally, based on the material properties, numerical model, and long-term monitoring data from inclinometers, the safety threshold of the bridge is determined to provide a useful reference for bridge management agencies. Prediction of the extreme inclination angles by the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEVD) method for the 50-year life cycle of the monitored bridge also falls within the envelopes of the warning and critical thresholds, which support the long-term safety of bridges. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A semi-active mass damping system for low- and mid-rise buildings
(2013-01-01)
Lin, Pei-Yang
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Hwang, Jenn-Shin
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
A semi-active mass damping (SMD) system with magnetorheological (MR) dampers focusing on low- and mid-rise buildings is proposed in this paper. The main purpose of this study is to integrate the reliable characteristics of the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD) and the superior performance of the active mass damper (AMD) to the new system. In addition, the commonly seen solution of deploying dense seismic dampers throughout the structure nowadays to protect the main structure is also expected to switch to the developed SMD system on the roof with a similar reduction performance. In order to demonstrate this concept, a full-size three-story steel building representing a typical mid-rise building was used as the benchmark structure to verify its performance in real life. A numerical model with the interpolation technique integrated was first established to accurately predict the behavior of the MR dampers. The success of the method was proven through a performance test of the designated MR damper used in this research. With the support of the MR damper model, a specific control algorithm using a continuous-optimal control concept was then developed to protect the main structure while the response of the semi-active mass damper is discarded. The theoretical analysis and the experimental verification from a shaking table test both demonstrated the superior mitigation ability of the method. The proposed SMD system has been demonstrated to be readily implemented in practice.
A structural health monitoring system based on multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis
(2017-09-25)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chien, Yi-Hsiu
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
In recent years, multifractal-based analysis methods have been widely applied in engineering. Among these methods, multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDXA), a branch of fractal analysis, has been successfully applied in the fields of finance and biomedicine. For its great potential in reflecting the subtle characteristic among signals, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on MFDXA is proposed. In this system, damage assessment is conducted by exploiting the concept of multifractal theory to quantify the complexity of the vibration signal measured from a structure. According to the proposed algorithm, the damage condition is first distinguished by multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. Subsequently, the relationship between the q-order, q-order detrended covariance, and length of segment is further explored. The dissimilarity between damaged and undamaged cases is visualized on contour diagrams, and the damage location can thus be detected using signals measured from different floors. Moreover, a damage index is proposed to efficiently enhance the SHM process. A seven-story benchmark structure, located at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), was employed for an experimental verification to demonstrate the performance of the proposed SHM algorithm. According to the results, the damage condition and orientation could be correctly identified using the MFDXA algorithm and the proposed damage index. Since only the ambient vibration signal is required along with a set of initial reference measurements, the proposed SHM system can provide a lower cost, efficient, and reliable monitoring process.
Analytical and experimental studies on building mass damper system with semi-active control device
(2018-06-01)
Liu, Yu-Fang
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chang, Kuo-Chun
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
A concept of improving an optimum building mass damper (OBMD) system through a semi-active control method for enhancing the efficiency of controlling structural responses is proposed. The proposed concept entails replacing the passive fluid viscous dampers used in an OBMD system with semi-active magnetorheological dampers, thus transforming the system into a novel semi-active OBMD (SOBMD) system for better seismic performance. A numerical model based on the Bouc-Wen model with the interpolation technique was established to represent the behavior of the semi-active magnetorheological dampers. The SOBMD system was then developed on the basis of linear-quadratic regulator method and a continuous-optimal control concept. The damping force in the SOBMD system can be manipulated according to the structural response; therefore, the SOBMD system affords the possibility of improving the displacement or acceleration response compared with the original OBMD system. Both of the numerical analysis and the experimental verification demonstrated the superior seismic mitigation ability of the SOBMD system. Several earthquake events with different characteristics were simulated in a series of numerical analysis to further verify the performance of the proposed SOBMD system. In short, the benefits of both the active and passive control system are successfully combined in the proposed SOBMD system.
Application of multi-scale (cross-) sample entropy for structural health monitoring
(2015-08-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Liang, Jui-Chang
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
This study proposes an information-theoretic structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on multi-scale entropy (MSE) and multi-scale cross-sample entropy (MSCE). By measuring the ambient vibration signal from a structure, the damage condition can be rapidly evaluated via MSE analysis. The damage location can then be detected by analyzing the signals of different floors under the same damage condition via MSCE analysis. Moreover, a damage index is proposed to efficiently quantify the SHM process. Unlike some existing SHM methods, no experimental database or numerical model is required. Instead, a reference measurement of the current stage can initiate and launch the SHM system. A numerical simulation of a four-story steel structure is used to verify that the damage location and condition can be detected by the proposed SHM algorithm, and the location can be efficiently quantified by the damage index. A seven-story scaled-down benchmark structure is then employed for experimental verification. Based on the results, the damage condition can be correctly assessed, and average accuracy rates of 63.4 and 86.6% for the damage location can be achieved using the MSCE and damage index methods, respectively. As only the ambient vibration signal is required with a set of initial reference measurements, the proposed SHM system can be implemented practically with low cost.
Application of Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis for Structural Health Monitoring
(2015-01-01)
Fajri, Haikal
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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交大名義發表
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National Chiao Tung University
This paper presents an application of multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) for structural health monitoring (SHM). To demonstrate the performance of proposed SHM algorithm for detecting and locating the damage, structure response of seven-story scale-down benchmark measured from ambient vibration was evaluated. It was found that damage condition due to stiffness change was effectively detected by using multifractal spectrum peak value of a single sensor under different damage categories. Moreover, the damage location was discovered after analyzing the signals of the entire floors under the same damage categories by using MF-DFA analysis. The multifractal spectrums of damage cases were subsequently compared with the healthy structure to distinctly assess the damage location. The result revealed that the damage location was correctly predicted as the shifted spectrum trend of the proposed SHM-based system. As it offers an alternative choice of the traditional SHM system with a set of initial reference, and only ambient vibration signal is required, the proposed SHM system is a promising tool in the practical implementation.
Applications of neural network models for structural health monitoring based on derived modal properties
(2018-12-01)
Chang, Chia-Ming
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chang, Chih-Wei
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
Structural health monitoring is required to interpret damaged structures in terms of locations and severity, even remaining performance of the damaged members. Therefore, this study proposes a new artificial intelligence-based structural health monitoring strategy based on neural network modeling. A neural network model is developed in accordance with a numerical model which is derived from the identified modal properties under ambient vibrations. The stochastic subspace system identification is first implemented to derive the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a healthy structure. These natural frequencies and mode shapes are then employed to derive a simplified model of this structure, allowing changing stiffness terms to construct various damage patterns. A neural network model is trained and built by the modal properties of the structure with these damage patterns. After a critical event occurs (e.g., earthquakes), this neural network model can be employed to estimate the damage patterns in terms of stiffness reduction. In this study, a numerical example consisting of two damage scenarios is carried out. This example studies a seven-story building with a single and multiple damaged columns in order to evaluate performance of the proposed structural health monitoring strategy. Moreover, the proposed structural health monitoring strategy is also applied to an experimental test of a scaled twin-tower building with weak braces in some floors. Partially modal properties of the structure are obtained from the stochastic subspace system identification, while a simplified model is developed in accordance to the identified modal properties of the healthy building. Then, a neural network model is established based on this simplified model. After seismic events, this neural network model is employed to carry damage detection of this building in terms of damage locations and levels. As a result, the proposed artificial intelligence-based structural health monitoring strategy is quite effective to locate damage if the identified modal properties are relatively accurate.
Bridge scour evaluation based on ambient vibration
(2012-09-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Wang, Yen-Po
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Huang, Ming-Chih
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Tsai, Chen-An
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土木工程學系
The vulnerability of bridges to hazards such as earthquakes, wind and floods necessitates special structural characteristics. To guarantee the stability of bridge structures, the precise evaluation of the scour depth of bridge foundation has recently become an important issue, as most of the unexpected damage to or collapse of bridges has been attributed to hydraulic issues. In this paper, a vibration-based bridge health monitoring system that utilizes only the response of superstructure to rapidly evaluate the embedded depth of a bridge column is proposed. To clarify the complex fluid-solid coupling phenomenon, the effects of embedded depth and water level were first verified through a series of static experiments. A confined finite element model simulated by soil spring effects was then established to illustrate the relationship between the fundamental frequency and the embedded depth. Using the proposed algorithm, the health of the bridge is able to be inferred by processing the ambient vibration response of the superstructure. To implement the proposed algorithm, a SHM prototype system monitoring environmental factors such as temperature, water level, and inclination was developed to support on-line processing. The performance of the proposed system was verified by a series of dynamic bridge scour experiments conducted in a laboratory flume and compared with readings from a water-proof camera. The results showed that using the proposed vibration-based bridge health monitoring system, the embedded depth of bridge column during complex scour processes is able to be reliably calculated.
Compressive Column Load Identification in Steel Space Frames Using Second-Order Deflection-Based Methods
(2018-07-01)
Bonopera, Marco
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Chang, Kuo-Chun
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Chen, Chun-Chung
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Tullini, Nerio
This paper presents a comparison of two static nondestructive methods used to assess compressive loads in columns of steel space frames. The first method requires knowledge of the flexural rigidity of the column under investigation, whereas the second method requires knowledge of the column's buckling load. In each method, short-term displacements are measured at given cross-sections along the member under examination, which is subjected to an additional transverse load. The two methods were verified in this study through experimental and numerical tests on a column of a small-scale space frame prototype with generic connections and end conditions. Estimations of compressive forces were generally reliable when second-order effects were accurately considered. In conclusion, the two methods can be successfully used to test steel space frames in a laboratory or under real conditions.
Continuous structural health monitoring of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam using off-site seismic station data accounting for environmental effects
(2020-01-01)
Hsu, Ting-Yu
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Valentino, Arygianni
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Liseikin, Aleksei
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Krechetov, Dmitry
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Chen, Chun-Chung
Damage to a huge dam can cause great loss of human life and property, but disasters and their consequences can be minimized by implementing effective dam safety monitoring strategies. However, establishing a permanent monitoring system on a huge darn is costly. Additionally, for reasons of national security, many darns and information about them may not be able to be accessed by researchers. Accordingly, continuously monitoring the structural health of a dam by measurement may be difficult. This study presents a way to continuously monitor the health of a dam using vibration signals that are measured not on the dam but close to it. The Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam in Russia is used to demonstrate the idea. Intensive ambient vibration measurements were firstly made once to determine the natural frequencies of the dam. Then the natural frequencies of the dam under varying environmental effects are obtained from the spectra of the seismic records obtained at Cheryomushki seismic station, which is located 4.4 km northeast of the darn. To account for the effects of varying environmental conditions on the natural frequencies, an autoencoder in the form of an unsupervised learning neural network, was employed. The autoencoder was trained using the natural frequencies without using any environmental factors to learn the intrinsic behavior of the darn under varying environmental conditions. The errors between input data to the trained autoencoder and the regenerated data from the autoencoder can be used to determine whether the dam is under normal conditions. A finite element model of the dam was constructed to simulate changes of natural frequencies due to cracks in the dam structure. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can feasibly monitor the structural health of the dam.
Damage detection of structures with detrended fluctuation and detrended crosscorrelation analyses
(2017-03-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Fajri, Haikal
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
Recently, fractal analysis has shown its potential for damage detection and assessment in fields such as biomedical and mechanical engineering. For its practicability in interpreting irregular, complex, and disordered phenomena, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) is proposed. First, damage conditions can be swiftly detected by evaluating ambient vibration signals measured from a structure through DFA. Damage locations can then be determined by analyzing the cross correlation of signals of different floors by applying DCCA. A damage index is also proposed based on multi-scale DCCA curves to improve the damage location accuracy. To verify the performance of the proposed SHM system, a four-story numerical model was used to simulate various damage conditions with different noise levels. Furthermore, an experimental verification was conducted on a seven-story benchmark structure to assess the potential damage. The results revealed that the DFA method could detect the damage conditions satisfactorily, and damage locations can be identified through the DCCA method with an accuracy of 75%. Moreover, damage locations can be correctly assessed by the damage index method with an improved accuracy of 87.5%. The proposed SHM system has promising application in practical implementations.
Damage identification of isolators in base-isolated torsionally coupled buildings
(2013-04-01)
Wang, Jer-Fu
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Huang, Ming-Chih
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Lin, Chi-Chang
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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土木工程學系
This paper deals with the damage assessment for isolators of base-isolated building systems considering the torsion-coupling (TC) effect by establishing damage indices. The damage indices can indicate the reduction in lateral stiffness of the isolator story as explicit formulas in terms of modal parameters. In addition, the damage location, expressed in terms of the estimated damage index and eccentricities before and after damage, is also presented. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed algorithms are applicable for general base-isolated multi-story TC buildings. A procedure from the analysis of seismic response to the implementation of damage indices is demonstrated by using a numerical case. A system identification technique is employed to extract modal parameters from seismic responses of a building. Results show that the proposed indices are capable of detecting the occurrence of damage and preliminarily estimating the location of damaged isolator.
Development and Application of a Vibration Isolation System with Adaptive Stiffness Considering Potential Energy
(2015-01-01)
Chen, Chi-Jen
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
In recent years, a study of a semi-active isolation system named the Leverage-type Stiffness Controllable Isolation System (LSCIS) was proposed. The main concept of the LSCIS is to adjust the stiffness in the isolator for the fundamental period of the superstructure by a simple leverage mechanism. Although great performance has been achieved with the support of the least input energy method (LIEM) in far-field earthquakes, some results still reveal that the proposed system is not suitable for application in near-fault strong ground motion. To overcome this problem, two algorithms that consider the potential energy effect in the semi-active structural control system are proposed in this study. The optimal weightings between the potential and kinetic energy are first determined through a series of near-fault earthquake simulations. The proposed algorithms are then developed with the combination of the potential energy (Ep) and the kinetic energy (Ep) as the control objective to reduce the structural displacement responses efficiently. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-degree-of-freedom structure is used as a benchmark in both numerical simulation and experimental verification. Numerical results have shown that the dynamic response of the structure can be effectively alleviated by the proposed algorithm under both far-field and near-fault earthquakes, while the structural responses by the LIEM may be worse than the pure passive control. The feasibility of implementing the proposed system has also been experimentally verified.
Development of a real-time scour monitoring system for bridge safety evaluation
(2017-01-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chang, Yu-Shian
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
The fact that hydraulic problems are major factors in bridge collapse has made bridge scour monitoring an important research topic. In view of the complex nonlinear behavior of bridge structure/soil/water interactions, the fundamental frequency of the bridge may gradually change as the height of the bed drops during scour. With an insufficient embedded depth, the bridge may collapse or sink unexpectedly without warning. As experimental investigation in past research has shown that bridge failure may be governed by rigid body motion, a real-time bridge scour monitoring system to distinguish the influence of rigid body motion from the vibration frequency of the bridge is proposed. The signal measured from the superstructure of the bridge is decomposed into a structural vibration set controlling the fundamental frequency change and a rigid body motion set controlling the rigid body motion, and an instability index to examine the safety condition of the bridge is further proposed. Following a successful preliminary single-pile scour experiment, the method is applied to a series of full-bridge testing. According to analysis result, the instability index deviated considerably from its original range before the bridge piles began tilting significantly, allowing an early warning alert for bridge safety evaluation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of physical-parameter identification procedure for in-situ buildings with sliding-type isolation system
(2013-06-24)
Huang, Ming-Chih
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Wang, Yen-Po
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Chen, Yi-Hsuan
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土木工程學系
A system identification procedure is developed to identify the physical parameters of structures with seismic isolation using the friction pendulum systems (FPSs). The superstructure is assumed to be linear on account of substantial reduction of seismic forces with the installation of FPS. Hysteretic models of both Coulomb's and Mokha's friction mechanism have been considered for the FPS. Simulation results indicate that the physical parameters of the FPS and superstructure can be successfully identified by the proposed scheme. Experimental verification has been conducted further via shaking table tests using realistic earthquake scenarios. The identified parameters from seismic response data indicate that the FPSs behave in better agreement with Mokha's friction mechanism than Coulomb's. Feasibility of the proposed scheme in the identification of FPS-isolated structures using seismic data has been verified. This may facilitate in-situ performance assessment of structures isolated with sliding-type isolation systems. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Entropy-Based Structural Health Monitoring System for Damage Detection in Multi-Bay Three-Dimensional Structures
(2018-01-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Lainez, Ana Gabriela
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
In this paper, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system based on multi-scale cross-sample entropy (MSCE) is proposed for detecting damage locations in multi-bay three-dimensional structures. The location of damage is evaluated for each bay through MSCE analysis by examining the degree of dissimilarity between the response signals of vertically-adjacent floors. Subsequently, the results are quantified using the damage index (DI). The performance of the proposed SHM system was determined in this study by performing a finite element analysis of a multi-bay seven-story structure. The derived results revealed that the SHM system successfully detected the damaged floors and their respective directions for several cases. The proposed system provides a preliminary assessment of which bay has been more severely affected. Thus, the effectiveness and high potential of the SHM system for locating damage in large and complex structures rapidly and at low cost are demonstrated.
Evaluation of bridge instability caused by dynamic scour based on fractal theory
(2013-07-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Wu, Rih-Teng
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Chang, Kuo-Chun
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Chang, Yu Shian
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土木工程學系
Given their special structural characteristics, bridges are prone to suffer from the effects of many hazards, such as earthquakes, wind, or floods. As most of the recent unexpected damage and destruction of bridges has been caused by hydraulic issues, monitoring the scour depth of bridges has become an important topic. Currently, approaches to scour monitoring mainly focus on either installing sensors on the substructure of a bridge or identifying the physical parameters of a bridge, which commonly face problems of system survival or reliability. To solve those bottlenecks, a novel structural health monitoring (SHM) concept was proposed by utilizing the two dominant parameters of fractal theory, including the fractal dimension and the topothesy, to evaluate the instability condition of a bridge structure rapidly. To demonstrate the performance of this method, a series of experiments has been carried out. The function of the two parameters was first determined using data collected from a single bridge column scour test. As the fractal dimension gradually decreased, following the trend of the scour depth, it was treated as an alternative to the fundamental frequency of a bridge structure in the existing methods. Meanwhile, the potential of a positive correlation between the topothesy and the amplitude of vibration data was also investigated. The excellent sensitivity of the fractal parameters related to the scour depth was then demonstrated in a full-bridge experiment. Moreover, with the combination of these two parameters, a safety index to detect the critical scour condition was proposed. The experimental results have demonstrated that the critical scour condition can be predicted by the proposed safety index. The monitoring system developed greatly advances the field of bridge scour health monitoring and offers an alternative choice to traditional scour monitoring technology.
Fuzzy logic control of a stiffness-adaptable seismic isolation system
(2015-01-01)
Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Lu, Lyan-Ywan
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Chang, Hsun
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土木工程學系
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Department of Civil Engineering
Traditional passive isolation systems have been shown to provide satisfactory seismic mitigation performance under typical far-field earthquake conditions. However, because of the untunable designated isolation period, the performance of these systems is still strongly affected by the low-frequency resonance phenomenon observed during near-fault earthquakes, which are usually dominated by a long-duration impulse. The use of semi-active isolation systems with variable stiffness, which are usually equipped with a customized control algorithm to determine the isolation stiffness or period in real time, could be a promising solution to overcome this problem. To realize this technology, this study develops a smart isolation system that combines the leverage-type stiffness-controllable isolation system (LSCIS) with a simple fuzzy logic control (FLC). Because the proposed FLC merely requires feedback from the velocity and displacement responses of the isolation base, it is quite easily implemented. Theoretical analysis shows that the extreme displacement of the isolation level caused by near-fault seismic waves can be mitigated by the proposed system with tolerable acceleration response variations compared with that of the traditional passive isolation system. The movement of the pivot point of the LSCIS can also be adjusted to address the inherent hardware constraint that limits its practical application. Experimental verification conducted on a shake table further demonstrates the feasibility of integrating the LSCIS system with FLC after proper consideration of the friction effect generated by the leverage mechanism and the inevitable time delay effect. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifications of symmetric ductile braced structure by pseudo-single-degree-of-freedom procedure
(2014-08-01)
Huang, Ming-Chih
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Wang, Yen-Po
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Wang, Jer-Fu
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土木工程學系
For energy-dissipation devices, identification of the physical behavior is a more difficult task than their design. This study develops an identification technique that is useful for the acquirement of the dynamic characteristics of buildings with symmetric ductile braces (SDBs) which exhibit bilinear behavior. The considered system is a linear multi-story building with SDBs regarded as a bilinear hysteretic model. The complex multi-degree-of-freedom problem was solved in the pseudo-single-degree-of-freedom domain, and the dynamic parameters of primary building as well as the SDBs are sequentially identified from top to bottom stories based on the input and output responses of floors. To simplify the nonlinear problem, a backbone curve, where the multi-values restoring force is transformed into a single-valued function, is applied to characterize the hysteretic model. A numerical study demonstrates that the proposed identification technique was able to extract the physical parameters of the primary building and the SDBs individually from the floor responses. It may be applied to the health monitoring of buildings protected by nonlinear energy-dissipation devices.
Integration of High-Resolution Laser Displacement Sensors and 3D Printing for Structural Health Monitoring
(2018-01-01)
Chang, Shu-Wei
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Lin, Tzu-Kang
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Kuo, Shih-Yu
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Huang, Ting-Hsuan
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土木工程學系
This paper presents a novel experimental design for complex structural health monitoring (SHM) studies achieved by integrating 3D printing technologies, high-resolution laser displacement sensors, and multiscale entropy SHM theory. A seven-story structure with a variety of composite bracing systems was constructed using a dual-material 3D printer. A wireless Bluetooth vibration speaker was used to excite the ground floor of the structure, and high-resolution laser displacement sensors (1-mu m resolution) were used to monitor the displacement history on different floors. Our results showed that the multiscale entropy SHM method could detect damage on the 3D-printed structures. The results of this study demonstrate that integrating 3D printing technologies and high-resolution laser displacement sensors enables the design of cheap, fast processing, complex, small-scale civil structures for future SHM studies. The novel experimental design proposed in this study provides a suitable platform for investigating the validity and sensitivity of SHM in different composite structures and damage conditions for real life applications in the future.