新苗地區客家族群的形構與發展：清代土地契約秩序視角的歷史研究

Abstract

在清代臺灣農業商品化的社會裡，「有土斯有財」，不但國家與地域社會的運作係圍繞著土地契約關係而展開，國家與社會這兩個組織體間的政治、經濟與法律亦是以其為核心而運作，同時社會內部的宗族與族群關係更是以其為基礎而開展起來。因此本計畫擬以清代竹塹的土地契約秩序為視角，以土地開墾與土地訴訟活動為主要經驗範圍，分析該時期竹塹地區粵籍漢人與其他族群（包括閩籍漢人、清代熟番與生番族群）的互動關係，並據以從該視角構築該地區「從粵人到客家」的族群形構與發展的歷史圖像。

本研究主要將以竹塹地區的土地申告書、淡新檔案、私人土地文書與總督府檔案等為主要史料，整理四溪流域的土地開墾、土地訴訟與相關的族群互動資料，以展開土地契約秩序與族群互動關係的分析。這一研究將以同群組施添福教授有關竹塹地區相關的歷史地理空間的形構與演變之研究成果為基礎，針對竹塹地區的土地開墾與土地訴訟活動進行兼具政治經濟與文化意識脈絡的完整討論。本研究並將以此一地域性的個案研究，與兩類清代史研究的相關議題互相對話，藉以擴展臺灣客家族群研究在清代歷史學界的重要意涵，一方面，以竹塹地區客家族群的形構與演變之分析，與近年來國外有關清代華南地域社會、宗族與族群關係的相關研究進行比較與對話；另一方面，考察清代契約關係在客家族群形構與發展中所扮演的角色，以便與倚賴清代中央與地方官府訴訟檔案從事清代契約（法律）文化研究的相關成果，進行具體的評述與對話。

Qing Taiwan was a commodified agrarian society, where land was the base of all wealth and land transfer and land use was by way of land contract. The relationship of land contract was not only the center of the organizational interaction between the state and local society but also the focus of political, economic, and legal activities inside these two kinds of organizations. Furthermore, in the local society there were lineal groups and ethnic groups which were also built on the collective contractual relationship of landed property. Therefore, this project will analyze the interactive relationships between Cantonese Hans and other ethnic groups (including Fujianese Hans, plain aborigines, mountain aborigines) in Zhu-Qian area in terms of their social order of land contract. I will discuss the processes of land reclamation and land litigation related to these ethnic groups and will analyze how they formed their relationships of land contract. Based on these discussions, this project will interpret the formation and development of Hakka ethnic group based on the process from “Cantonese” to “Hakkas”. This project will use land reports (tudi-shengao-shu), Dan-Xin archives, private land contracts and Taiwan’s Governor General’s Archives as main materials to discuss land reclamation, land litigation and ethnic interactions in Qing Zhu-Qian area. This study will base on Shi Tien-Fu’s study on the historical geographic formation and development in Zhu-Qian and then further discuss the relationship between political economy and cultural identity related to the social order of land contract. On the other hand, in order to increase more exchange between this study on Qing Taiwan ethnic history and other studies on the Qing ethnic history, this project will use Qing Taiwan as case to develop a dialogue with the other two related studies: first, I will compare the studies of Taiwan ethnic history with those of local societies and lineal and ethnic relationships in Southern China; second, I will compare the findings on Qing contractual relationship with those of Qing legal culture studies by using central and local legal archives.