Browsing by Author "Krantz, Elizabeth M."

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Intensity of 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PROP) Taste, Food Preferences, and Obesity: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study
(2009-09-01)
Cruickshanks, Karen J.
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Schubert, Carla R.
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Snyder, Derek J.
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Bartoshuk, Linda M.
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Huang, Guan-Hua
Measuring Refraction in Adults in Epidemiological Studies
(2010-01-01)
Krantz, Elizabeth M.
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Cruickshanks, Karen J.
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Klein, Barbara E. K.
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Klein, Ronald
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Huang, Guan-Hua
Objective: To compare refraction measured before and after pharmacologic cycloplegia. Methods: This study used preliminary data from the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, which includes adult children of participants in the population-based Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study of older adults living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Data were available for 5018 eyes of 2529 participants. Refraction was defined by the spherical equivalent (SE), using autorefractor readings. Differences were calculated as the SE after drops were administered minus the SE before drops were administered. Myopia was defined as SE of -1 diopter (D) or less; emmetropia, as SE more than -1 D and less than 1 D; and hyperopia, as SE of 1 D or more. Results: The mean age was 48 years (range, 22-84 years). The mean difference in SE between measurements before and after cycloplegia was 0.29 D (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.31). The difference decreased with age and varied by refractive status for participants younger than 50 years, with the largest differences observed among young persons with hyperopic refractive errors. Across all age groups, agreement on classifications of refraction was high (84%-92%). Conclusions: Overall, clinically inconsequential differences were observed between SEs beforeandafter pharmacologic cycloplegia, suggesting that cycloplegia may not be necessary in epidemiological studies of refraction in adults.
Prevalence of Olfactory Impairment in Adults Across the Life Span: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study
(2009-09-01)
Schubert, Carla R.
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Cruickshanks, Karen J.
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Krantz, Elizabeth M.
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Huang, Guan-Hua
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Klein, Barbara E. K.
Test-Retest Reliability of the San Diego Odor Identification Test and Comparison with the Brief Smell Identification Test
(2009-06-01)
Krantz, Elizabeth M.
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Schubert, C. R.
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Dalton, D. S.
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Zhong, W.
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Huang, G. H.
This study described the San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT) reliability and compared the SDOIT and the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT). Ninety participants aged 50-70 years completed this 2-visit olfaction study. During visit 1, the SDOIT and B-SIT were administered according to standard protocols. Three weeks later, participants returned to retake the SDOIT. The SDOIT score was the total number of odorants correctly identified out of 8 odorants presented, and olfactory impairment was defined as correctly identifying less than 6 odorants. The B-SIT score was the total number of odorants correctly identified out of 12 odorants presented, and participants correctly identifying less than 9 odorants were categorized as abnormal. The SDOIT reliability was high (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79-0.91). The same score was obtained on retest for 73% of participants, whereas 18% improved, and 9% declined. Test-retest agreement was 96% for the SDOIT; 4% improved from impaired at visit 1 to unimpaired at visit 2. Overall, SDOIT impairment classification and B-SIT abnormal classification agreed in 96% of participants (kappa = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99). In conclusion, the SDOIT showed good test-retest reliability. Agreement for impaired/abnormal olfaction was demonstrated for the SDOIT and the B-SIT.
The Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Associated Risk Factors
(2010-06-01)
Klein, Ronald
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Cruickshanks, Karen J.
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Nash, Scott D.
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Krantz, Elizabeth M.
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Javier Nieto, F.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to examine how retinal drusen, retinal pigmentary abnormalities, and early AMD are related to age, sex, and other risk factors. Participants: A total of 2810 people aged 21 to 84 years participating in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Methods: The presence and severity of various characteristics of drusen and other lesions typical of AMD were determined by grading digital color fundus images using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Results: Early AMD was present in 3.4% of the cohort and varied from 2.4% in those aged 21 to 34 years to 9.8% in those aged 65 years or older. In a multivariable model (expressed as odds ratio; 95% confidence interval), age (per 5 years of age, 1.22; 1.09-1.36), being male (1.65; 1.01-2.69), more pack-years of cigarettes smoked (1-10 vs 0, 1.31; 0.75-2.29; >= 11 vs 0, 1.67; 1.03-2.73), higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (per 5 mg/dL, 0.91; 0.83-0.998), and hearing impairment (2.28; 1.41-3.71) were associated with early AMD. There were no associations of blood pressure level, body mass index, physical activity level, history of heavy drinking, white blood cell count, hematocrit level, platelet count, serum total cholesterol level, or carotid intimal-medial thickness with early AMD. Conclusions: These data indicate that early AMD is infrequent before age 55 years but increases with age thereafter. Early AMD is related to modifiable risk factors, eg, smoking and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.