Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2019-07-15"

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編輯曲線
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
編輯室
本期內容:關於數學中的類比
量子悖論透漏玄機「真實」並非如此理所當然：有個假想實驗撼動了量子世界的根基，迫使物理學家釐清諸如多世界與哥本哈根詮釋等各種版本的量子詮釋，究竟揚棄了哪些關於「真實」的合理假設。
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
阿南塔斯瓦米
;
戴守煌
;
Anil Ananthaswamy
電子力學是個成功的理論，這點毋庸置疑。它為微觀世界的本質提供了無比精準的預測。近一世紀以來的爭議點卻是在於，它所告訴我們關於存在與真實究竟為何。已有眾多詮釋對這個問題表達各自的見解，每種都要求我們接受某些有關真實本質未經證實的主張（亦即假設）。
寫給藝術家的代數基本定理
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
卡蘭塔立
;
托倫斯
;
林武雄
;
Bahman Kalantori
;
Bruce Torrence
作者卡蘭塔立是美國羅格斯大學（Rutgers University）資訊科學系教授，著有《多項式尋根與多項式學》（Polynomialoot-Finding andPolynomiography）。托倫斯是美國倫道夫/ 梅肯學院（Randolph-Macon College）數學系賈奈特（Garnett）講座教授。
Nanoparticle-Doped Polydimethylsiloxane Fluid Enhances the Optical Performance of AlGaN-Based Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes
(2019-07-15)
Ye, Zhi Ting
;
Pai, Yung-Min
;
Lin, Chih-Hao
;
Chen, Lung-Chien
;
Hong Thai Nguyen
This paper proposes a new encapsulation structure for aluminum nitride-based deep UV light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) and eutectic flip chips containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluid doped with SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with a UV-transparent quartz hemispherical glass cover. Experimental results reveal that the proposed encapsulation structure has considerably higher light output power than the traditional one. The light extraction efficiency was increased by 66.49% when the forward current of the DUV-LED was 200mA. Doping the PDMS fluid with SiO2 NPs resulted in higher light output power than that of undoped fluid. The maximum efficiency was achieved at a doping concentration of 0.2wt%. The optical output power at 200mA forward current of the encapsulation structure with NP doping of the fluid was 15% higher than that without NP doping. The optical output power of the proposed encapsulation structure was 81.49% higher than that of the traditional encapsulation structure. The enhanced light output power was due to light scattering caused by the SiO2 NPs and the increased average refractive index. The encapsulation temperature can be reduced by 4 degrees C at a driving current of 200mA by using the proposed encapsulation structure.
數學不該由上往下必須遵從自己的想法：2011 年阿貝爾獎得主米爾諾訪談
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
米爾諾
;
勞森
;
史考
;
翁秉仁
;
John Milnor
訪談者勞森目前任職於丹麥奧爾堡大學（Aalborg University）數學科學系。史考是挪威科技大學（Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim）數學系退休教授。本訪談進行於2011 年5 月25 日，地點在奧斯陸。本文原刊登於歐洲數學學會的EMS Newsletter（81）Sep. 2011，也曾刊登於美國數學學會的Notices of the AMS（59）2012 No.3。本刊感謝歐洲數學學會授權與翻譯。
水與冰：它們的表面有什麼不尋常之處？
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
沈元壤
作者沈元壤是中研院院士，加州大學柏克萊分校物理系退休榮譽教授，他的研究領域包括非線性光學、雷射光譜學、表面科學、凝態物理與材料科學等。本文是依據沈元壤在交通大學「2018 年理學院科學饗宴」的演講，由交通大學應用數學系王夏聲編寫而成。
重探五四時期的新詩和舊詩：以胡適、徐志摩、郁達夫為例
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
李歐梵
李歐梵是香港中文大學冼為堅中國文化講座教授，中央研究院院士。著有《上海摩登》、《鐵屋中的吶喊：魯迅研究》、《中國現代作家浪漫的一代》、《現代性的想象》等書，及多種文化評論雜文集。本文是臺大中文系主辦的潘寶霞女士講座的第一講（2018 年12 月26 日）改寫而成。原來的題目是：〈傳統於創新：重談五四新文學〉。
關於數學中的類比：一封威伊1940 年的家書
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
安德烈‧ 威伊
;
克雷格
;
趙學信
;
André Weil
;
Martin Krieger
作者安德烈‧ 威伊（1906 ～ 1981）是一位在20 世紀有影響力的數學家，以其在數論與代數幾何基礎性的研究工作而著名。他在1979 年獲頒沃爾夫獎，1980 年京都獎。他是布巴基社群（Bourbaki group）的創始成員，也是早期的實質領導者。著名的哲學家西蒙娜‧ 威伊（Simone Weil）是他的妹妹。
黎貝談費馬最後定理
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
黎貝
;
張哲睿
;
Kenneth Ribet
作者黎貝是加州柏克萊大學數學系教授，研究領域是代數數論與代數幾何。他也是在2018 年底甫卸任的美國數學學會（AmericanMathematical Society，AMS）主席。他的許多研究成果為懷爾斯的費馬最後定理證明奠定了基礎。他經常參與各項關於費馬最後定理的教育推廣活動。費馬最後定理是最著名的數學問題之一，雖然早在 17 世紀就由費馬（Pierre de Fermat）所提出，卻一直到 1994 年才得到證明。在尚未解出費馬最後定理的 350 多年之間，人們為了要證明它而發展出了許多現代數學的重要分支，其中包括整個代數數論的領域。
如何在學術上學萬人敵：治學五十年：我做學問的經驗
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
丘成桐
作者丘成桐為哈佛大學數學與物理教授，費爾茲獎、克拉福德獎、沃爾夫獎、馬塞爾．格羅斯曼獎得主，中央研究院院士。科普著作有《丘成桐談空間的內在形狀》，並為《數理人文》主編。本文修改自丘成桐於2018 年5 月在北京清華附屬中學與南京外國語學校的講稿。
數理簡訊
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
編輯室
重啟計算機融入教學之帆首位女性獲頒阿貝爾獎,以及2019 年數學大獎
中英名詞對照表
(國立交通大學丘成桐中心, 2019-07-15)
編輯室
中英名詞對照
Membrane protein-regulated networks across human cancers
(2019-07-16)
Lin, Chun-Yu
;
Lee, Chia-Hwa
;
Chuang, Yi-Hsuan
;
Lee, Jung-Yu
;
Chiu, Yi-Yuan
Alterations in membrane proteins (MPs) and their regulated pathways have been established as cancer hallmarks and extensively targeted in clinical applications. However, the analysis of MP-interacting proteins and downstream pathways across human malignancies remains challenging. Here, we present a systematically integrated method to generate a resource of cancer membrane protein-regulated networks (CaMPNets), containing 63,746 high-confidence protein-protein interactions (PPIs) for 1962 MPs, using expression profiles from 5922 tumors with overall survival outcomes across 15 human cancers. Comprehensive analysis of CaMPNets links MP partner communities and regulated pathways to provide MP-based gene sets for identifying prognostic biomarkers and druggable targets. For example, we identify CHRNA9 with 12 PPIs (e.g., ERBB2) can be a therapeutic target and find its anti-metastasis agent, bupropion, for treatment in nicotine-induced breast cancer. This resource is a study to systematically integrate MP interactions, genomics, and clinical outcomes for helping illuminate cancer-wide atlas and prognostic landscapes in tumor homo/heterogeneity.
Nano-Au Catalysts Modified with TiO2: Enhancement of Electrocatalytic Activity for 1-Propanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media
(2019-07-16)
Chiu, Wan-Ting
;
Chiu, Yi-Hsuan
;
Hsieh, Ping-Yen
;
Chang, Tso-Fu Mark
;
Sone, Masato
Electrocatalytic activity of the anode for alcohols oxidation is a critical issue in fuel cell which is considered as a clean energy. Performance deterioration of the catalyst takes place due to the adsorption of carbonaceous residues on the electrode surface, which is also known as poisoning of the electrode. Desorption of carbonaceous residues is thought to be an essential solution but not has been studied systematically. In this work, we investigate both the desorption of carbonaceous residues and the promotion of electrocatalytic activity to alcohols oxidation reactions by using Au nanoparticles (NPs)-TiO2/polyaniline (PANI) composite to boost the overall activity of electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation reactions. Desorption of carbonaceous residues and electrocatalytic activity of alcohol oxidation reactions are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in various alcohols. The chronoamperometric i-t curves are measured to evaluate the stability. Mechanisms for desorption of carbonaceous residues and enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity are elaborated and summarized. Electrodes with TiO2 decoration show better performance than TiO2-free specimens. In addition, Au NPs-decorated composites not only show an extra characteristic peak of alcohol oxidation reactions but also perform a constructive effect on the already existing oxidation reaction, indicating the promotion of electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols. (C) 2019 The Electrochemical Society.
Temporal Analysis of Conformers in the Course of pH Scan Directed by Urea-Urease Reaction-A "Protein Clock"
(2019-07-16)
Chang, Chun-Ming
;
Prabhu, Gurpur Rakesh D.
;
Tseng, Chien-Ming
;
Urban, Pawel L.
;
應用化學系
We demonstrate an analytical approach to monitor the effect of pH on protein tertiary structure. An autocatalytic enzyme reaction is used to stimulate refolding of proteins during real-time analysis. The method takes advantage of a nonlinear pH ramp generated by the urea-urease clock reaction. In this study, alterations to the structures of model proteins were monitored by mass spectrometry (charge pattern shift) and fluorometry (tryptophan fluorescence quenching). The pH measurements were conducted at different points of the sample flow line by different methods to minimize artifacts. Interestingly, different protein ions (corresponding to native and unfolded proteins) show distinct temporal mass spectral profiles, which reveal gradual refolding and concomitant deprotonation of higher charge state ions in the course of the clock reaction. Every multiply charged ion of a protein is characterized with its own "clock time". This approach does not require major modification of standard instrumentation. It enables determination of high sensitivity pH intervals for small and large molecules within a single experiment. Thus, it can be useful for characterizing the protein folding in response to pH change.
Comparison of implant failure rates of different plates for midshaft clavicular fractures based on fracture classifications
(2019-07-16)
Chiu, Yung-Cheng
;
Huang, Kui-Chou
;
Shih, Cheng-Min
;
Lee, Kun-Tsan
;
Chen, Kun-Hui
BackgroundsThe aim of our study was to investigate failure rates of reconstruction plate and non-reconstruction plate, and find the best strategy for implant selection for different fracture types for midshaft clavicular fractures.Patients and methodsTwo hundred twenty-six consecutive patients with midshaft clavicular fractures who received open reduction and plate fixation during Jan 2012 to July 2017 were reviewed. The correlations between implant failure rates and risk factors including demographic data, fracture classifications, and implant types were analyzed.ResultsAO/OTA fracture classification and plate types are the most important factors affecting implant failure for midshaft clavicular fractures. Reconstruction plate had a significantly higher failure rate (53%) than that of non-reconstruction plates (3%) in comminuted midshaft clavicular (AO/OTA 15-2C) fractures (P value <0.01). However, the difference was not significant in AO/OTA 15-2A and 2B classifications.ConclusionPatients with comminuted midshaft clavicular (AO/OTA 15-2C) fractures treated with reconstruction plates had very high implant failure rates compared to non-reconstruction plates. We suggested that patients with comminuted midshaft clavicular (AO/OTA 15-2C) fractures treated with reconstruction plates need more protection and more frequent follow-up in the postoperative period.
KSCN-induced Interfacial Dipole in Black TiO2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
(2019-07-17)
Fu, Fang-Yu
;
Shown, Indrajit
;
Li, Chia-Shuo
;
Raghunath, Putikam
;
Lin, Tsai-Yu
Tuning the electronic band structure of black titania to improve photocatalytic performance through conventional band engineering methods has been challenging because of the defect-induced charge carrier and trapping sites. In this study, KSCN-modified hydrogenated nickel nano cluster-modified black TiO2 (SCN-H-Ni-TiO2) exhibits enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to the interfacial dipole effect. Upon combining the experimental and theoretical simulation approach, the presence of an electrostatic interfacial dipole associated with chemisorption of SCN has dramatic effects on the photocatalyst band structure in SCN H-Ni-TiO2. An interfacial dipole possesses a more negative zeta potential shift of the isoelectric point from 5.20 to 3.20, which will accelerate the charge carrier separation and electron transfer process. Thiocyanate ion passivation on black TiO2 demonstrated an increased work function around 0.60 eV, which was induced by the interracial dipole effect. Overall, the SCN H-Ni-TiO2 photocatalyst showed an enhanced CO2 reduction to solar fuel yield by 2.80 times higher than H-Ni-TiO2 and retained around 88% product formation yield after 40 h.
Facile fabrication of titania-ordered cubic mesoporous carbon composite: Effect of Ni doping on photocatalytic hydrogen generation
(2019-07-19)
Rath, Purna Chandra
;
Mishra, Mrinalini
;
Saikia, Diganta
;
Chang, Jeng Kuei
;
Perng, Tsong-Pyng
Hitherto TiO2 is the most popular catalyst for photocatalytic H-2 generation and reduction of organic pollutants due to its chemical inertness, high activity, and abundance. In this work, ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-8 supported TiO2 nanoparticles loaded with non-noble metal Ni, denoted as Ni-TiO2@CMK-8 are fabricated for application in photocatalytic H-2 generation. Our results demonstrate that the developed composite exhibit exceptional photocatalytic activity for H-2 generation (3556 mu mol g(-1)) under 300 W Xe lamp irradiation (with an external quantum efficiency of 37.9%), which is around 10 times higher than pure TiO2 and 4 times that of TiO2@CMK-8. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the well-dispersed TiO2 in the ordered mesoporous carbon structure of CMK-8. The performance is boosted by the black body-like light absorbance of CMK-8 and plasmonic effect of Ni. Enhanced UV-visible light absorbance, large surface area and the loaded Ni metal synergistically improve the charge-carrier kinetics to attain highly efficient photocatalytic H-2 generation. The Ni-TiO2@CMK-8 composite shows enhanced activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as well. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of 4,4-Difluoroalkenes by Coupling of alpha-Substituted alpha,alpha-Difluoromethyl Halides with Allyl Sulfones under Photoredox Catalyzed Conditions
(2019-07-19)
Uno, Misae
;
Sumino, Shuhei
;
Fukuyama, Takahide
;
Matsuura, Makoto
;
Kuroki, Yoshichika
Photoredox-catalyzed allylation of alpha-gem-difluorinated organohalides with allyl sulfones proceeded smoothly under visible light irradiation to give 4,4-difluoroalkenes in good yields. In the presence of catalytic Ru(bpy)(3)Cl-2, Hantzsch ester, and diisopropylethylamine, the reaction was complete within 2 h. Using the same methodology, three-component cascade reactions to give 6,6-difluoroalkenes were carried out successfully.
Combination of electrophoresis and electro-flocculation for the formation of adhering IrO2 pH sensing films
(2019-07-20)
Wang, Han-Yi
;
Hsieh, Yi-Chieh
;
Tso, Kuang-Chih
;
Chang, Chung-Kai
;
Cheng, Yu-Ting
We demonstrate a simple scheme to produce dense and adhering IrO2 thin films on ITO substrates via a bipolar pulsing process combining both electrophoresis and electro-flocculation. Our fabrication steps entail the synthesis of negatively-charged IrO2 nanoparticles in size of 3.5 nm using NaClO as an oxidizer in conjunction with Na3IrCl6, citric acid, and NaOH. Subsequently, multiple bipolar potentiostatic pulses are imposed in which alternating positive and negative potentials engender the electrophoresis of IrO2 nanoparticles, followed by their immediate coalescence facilitated by proton-catalyzed electro-floccu-lation. The resulting IrO2 thin films reveal impressive physical properties in surface uniformity, robust structural integrity, and strong adhesion to the substrate. The as-synthesized IrO2 thin film exhibits an amorphous nature with a pH sensing slope between -73.6 and -71.5 mV/pH, characteristic of super-Nernstian behavior. In contrast, the annealed IrO(2 )sample demonstrates a crystalline rutile phase with a pH sensing slope between -49.5 and -54.7 mV/pH, consistent with typical Nernstian response. Our approach provides a new route for the formation of strong and adhering oxide films from their colloidal constituents. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.