Voltage-controlled 2 pi Liquid-crystal Terahertz Phase Shifter with Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) Nanowhiskers as Transparent Electrodes

Abstract

Phase shift exceeding 2 pi at 1.0 THz with high transmittance was achieved in liquid-crystal THz phase shifters of three different designs. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanowhiskers (NWhs) were employed as transparent electrodes. The driving voltage required for a 2 pi wave plate is as low as 5 Vrms.