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Polymer solar cell and manufacturing method thereof
(2008-06-26)
Chen, Fang-Chung
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
;
Ko, Chu-Jung
;
Lin, Yi-Kai
A polymer solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The cell includes a substrate, a first electrode located on top of the substrate, a conductive polymer layer having a conductive polymer and an additive located on the first electrode, a semiconductor layer over the conductive polymer layer and a second electrode over the semiconductor layer. The manufacturing method of the polymer solar cell is composed of following steps: growing a first electrode on a substrate; mixing an additive and a conductive polymer to form a mixture; depositing the mixture on the first electrode to form a conductive polymer layer; depositing a semiconductor layer on the conductive polymer layer and evaporating a second electrode on the semiconductor layer. By adding additive into the conductive polymer, resistance of the conductive polymer layer is reduced and efficiency of the cell is improved.
Label-free detection of DNA using novel organic-based electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor
(2010-08-15)
Lin, Tsung-Wu
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Kekuda, Dhananjay
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
;
光電工程學系
;
Department of Photonics
In this study, we have constructed the first organic field effect sensor based on an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure (OEIS) and applied this novel device to pH and DNA sensing. Variations in the insulator-electrolyte surface potential, which originate from either the change of the ionization states of the insulator surface groups or the binding of charged molecules to the insulator surface, modify the flat band voltage (V(FB)) of the OEIS sensor. The pH sensing experiments of OEIS sensor showed that the output signal linearly depended on pH solution in the range from pH 2 to pH 12, and an average sensitivity of 44.1 mV/pH was obtained. In the biosensing experiments, the absorption of positively charged poly-L-lysine on the insulator surface resulted in the reduction of the V(FB) value, whereas the subsequent binding of negatively charged single-stranded DNA probe (ssDNA) via electrostatic interaction increased the VFB value. Furthermore, the ssDNA-immobilized OEIS device was successfully used for the detection of DNA hybridization. The detection limit of complementary DNA was as low as 1 mu M, and the output signal of OEIS biosensor linearly increased with the logarithm of complementary DNA concentration in the range from 5 x 10(-5) to 10(-7) M. The easy and inexpensive fabrication of the OEIS device allows to be served as a potentially disposable and sensitive biosensor. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Dibenzo[f,h]thieno[3,4-b] quinoxaline-fullerene heterojunction bilayer solar cells with complementary spectrum coverage
(2010-10-01)
Kekuda, Dhananjaya
;
Huang, Jen-Shien
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Velusamy, Marappan
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Lin, Jiann T.
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
In the present article, potential of a bilayer organic solar cell has been investigated. We utilize newly synthesized small molecules, namely dibenzo[f,h]thieno[3,4-b]quinoxaline as electron donors for solar cells in heterojunction bilayer configuration. These small molecules with a narrow absorption band in the range 400-450 nm provide a complementary spectrum for the fullerene C(70), thereby leading to an overall power conversion efficiency of 2.6 +/- 0.2% under 100 mW/cm(2) incident radiation. Thermal annealing seems to impact the charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface, which eventually affects device performance. This work demonstrates that carefully optimized bilayer devices are comparable to the bulk heterojunction counterparts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and Applications of Low-Bandgap Conjugated Polymers Containing Phenothiazine Donor and Various Benzodiazole Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cells
(2010-11-01)
Padhy, Harihara
;
Huang, Jen-Hsien
;
Sahu, Duryodhan
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Patra, Dhananjaya
;
Kekuda, Dhananjay
A series of soluble donor-acceptor conjugated polymers comprising of phenothiazine donor and various benzodiazole acceptors (i.e., benzothiadiazole, benzoselenodiazole, and benzoxadiazole) sandwiched between hexyl-thiophene linkers were designed, synthesized, and used for the fabrication of polymer solar cells (PSC). The effects of the benzodiazole acceptors on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of these low-bandgap (LBG) polymers were investigated. These LBG polymers possessed large molecular weight (M(n)) in the range of 3.85-5.13 x 10(4) with high thermal decomposition temperatures, which demonstrated broad absorption in the region of 300-750 nm with optical bandgaps of 1.80-1.93 eV. Both the HOMO energy level (-5.38 to -5.47 eV) and LUMO energy level (-3.47 to -3.60 eV) of the LBG polymers were within the desirable range of ideal energy level. Under 100 mW/cm(2) of AM 1.5 white-light illumination, bulk heterojunction PSC devices containing an active layer of electron donor polymers mixed with electron acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61)BM) or [6,6]-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71)BM) in different weight ratios were investigated. The best performance of the PSC device was obtained by using polymer PP6DHTBT as an electron donor and PC(71)BM as an acceptor in the weight ratio of 1:4, and a power conversion efficiency value of 1.20%, an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) value of 0.75 V, a short-circuit current (J(sc)) value of 4.60 mA/cm(2), and a fill factor (FF) value of 35.0% were achieved. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4823-4834, 2010
Synthesis and Applications of 2,7-Carbazole-Based Conjugated Main-Chain Copolymers Containing Electron Deficient Bithiazole Units for Organic Solar Cells
(2010-12-01)
Patra, Dhananjaya
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Sahu, Duryodhan
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Padhy, Harihara
;
Kekuda, Dhananjay
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
A series of low-band-gap (LBG) donor-accepor conjugated main-chain copolymers (P1-P4) containing planar 2,7-carbazole as electron donors and bithiazole units (4,4'-dihexyl-2,2'-bithiazole and 4,4'-dihexyl-5,5'-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,2'-bithiazole) as electron acceptors were synthesized and studied for the applications in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. The effects of electron deficient bithiazole units on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic (PV) properties of these LBG copolymers were investigated. Absorption spectra revealed that polymers P1-P4 exhibited broad absorption bands in UV and visible regions from 300 to 600 nm with optical band gaps in the range of 1.93-1.99 eV, which overlapped with the major region of the solar emission spectrum. Moreover, carbazole-based polymers P1-P4 showed low values of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels, which provided good air stability and high open circuit voltages (V(oc)) in the PV applications. The BHJ PV devices were fabricated using polymers P1-P4 as electron donors and (6,6)-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61)BM) or (6,6)-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71)BM) as electron acceptors in different weight ratios. The PV device bearing an active layer of polymer blend P4:PC(71)BM (1:1.5 w/w) showed the best power conversion efficiency value of 1.01% with a short circuit current density (J(sc)) of 4.83 mA/cm(2), a fill factor (FF) of 35%, and V(oc) - 0.60 V under 100 mW/cm(2) of AM 1.5 white-light illumination. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 5479-5489, 2010
Synthesis and application of H-Bonded cross-linking polymers containing a conjugated pyridyl H-Acceptor side-chain polymer and various carbazole-based H-Donor dyes bearing symmetrical cyanoacrylic acids for organic solar cells
(2010-12-10)
Sahu, Duryodhan
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Padhy, Harihara
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Patra, Dhananjaya
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Kekuda, Dhananjay
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
A series of novel hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) cross-linking polymers were generated by complexing various proton-donor (H-donor) solar cell dyes containing 3,6- and 2,7-functionalized electron-donating carbazole cores bearing symmetrical thiophene linkers and cyanoacrylic acid termini with a proton-acceptor (H-acceptor) side-chain homopolymer carrying pyridyl pendants (with 1/2 M ratio of H-donor/H-acceptor). The supramolecular H-bonded structures between H-donor dyes and the H-acceptor side-chain polymer were confirmed by FTIR measurements. The effects of the supramolecular architecture on optical, electrochemical, and organic photovoltaic (OPV) properties were investigated. From DFT (density functional theory) calculations, the optimized geometries of organic dyes reflected that the carbazole cores of H-donor dyes were coplanar with the conjugated thiophenes and cyanoacrylic acids, which is essential for strong conjugations across the donor-acceptor units in D1-D4 dyes. Under 100 mW/cm(2) of AM 1.5 white-light illumination, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPV cell devices containing an active layer of H-bonded polymers (PDETP/D1-D4) as an electron donor blended with [6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an electron acceptor in a weight ratio of 1:1 were explored. From the preliminary investigations, the OPV device containing 1:1 weight ratio of H-bonded polymer PDFTP/D2 and PCBM showed the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 0.31% with a short-circuit current (J(sc)) of 1.9 mA/cm(2), an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.55 V. and a fill factor (FF) of 29%, which has a higher PCE value than the corresponding H-donor D2 dye (PCE = 0.15%) or H-acceptor PDFTP homopolymer (PCE = 0.02%) blended with PCBM in 1:1 weight ratio. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and applications of main-chain Ru(II) metallo-polymers containing bis-terpyridyl ligands with various benzodiazole cores for solar cells
(2011)
Padhy, Harihara
;
Sahu, Duryodhan
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Chiang, I-Hung
;
Patra, Dhananjaya
;
Kekuda, Dhananjay
A series of p-conjugated bis-terpyridyl ligands (M1-M3) bearing various benzodiazole cores and their corresponding main-chain Ru(II) metallo-polymers were designed and synthesized. The formation of metallo-polymers were confirmed by NMR, relative viscosity, and UV-visible titration measurements. The effects of electron donor and acceptor interactions on their thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties were investigated. Due to the strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) interaction and metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in Ru(II)-containing polymers, the absorption spectra covered a broad range of 260-750 nm with the optical band gaps of 1.77-1.63 eV. In addition, due to the broad sensitization areas of the metallo-polymers, their bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell devices containing [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an electron acceptor exhibited a high short-circuit current (J(sc)). An optimum PVC device based on the blended polymer P1 : PCBM = 1 : 1 (w/w) achieved the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) value up to 0.45%, with V(oc) = 0.61 V, J(sc) = 2.18 mA cm(-2), and FF = 34.1% (under AM 1.5 G 100 mW cm(-2)), which demonstrated a novel family of conjugated polyelectrolytes with the highest PCE value comparable with BHJ solar cells fabricated from ionic polythiophene and C(60).
Nanographite/polyaniline composite films as the counter electrodes for dyesensitized solar cells
(2011)
Huang, Kuan-Chieh
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Huang, Jen-Hsien
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Wu, Chia-Hui
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Liu, Chen-Yu
;
Chen, Hsin-Wei
Nanographite/polyaniline (NG/PANI) composite films were developed and characterized, and the performances of the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing these composite films as the counter electrode (CE) were evaluated in this study. The nanographite/aniline (NG/ANI) particle was firstly synthesized by a reflux method and served as the monomer for the electro-polymerization of the NG/PANI composite films. The surface modification of NG by ANI was confirmed by EDX mapping, TEM image, zeta-potential, and UV-Vis absorption measurements. The electro-polymerized NG/PANI composite films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and conducting-AFM, which verified the successful incorporation of NGs in the PANI films. The electro-catalytic activity of the NG/PANI composite film was evaluated using the positive-feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), by which a comparable heterogeneous rate constant (k(s)(0)) for the ferrocene/ ferrocenium (Fc/Fc(+)) redox pair was obtained and compared with that of a sputtered Pt. The DSSC employing the NG/PANI (20 mC cm(-2)) CE exhibited a higher short-circuit current density (J(SC)) but lower fill factor (FF), and gave a comparable power-conversion efficiency (eta) of 7.07%, as compared to that of a DSSC containing a sputtered Pt CE (eta = 7.19%).
Flexible polymer solar cells prepared using hard stamps for the direct transfer printing of polymer blends with self-organized interfaces
(2011)
Chen, Fang-Chung
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Chuang, Ming-Kai
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Chien, Shang-Chieh
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Fang, Jheng-Hao
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Chu, Chih-Wei
A transfer printing technique allows the development of flexible photovoltaic devices. Blending poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the photoactive layer causes the PEG molecules to migrate spontaneously to and weaken the bonding at the interface between the polymer film and the Si wafer, thereby facilitating the transfer process from a hard stamp to the receiving flexible substrate. The device fabricated using this transfer printing process had characteristics similar to those of the corresponding device prepared using a spin-coating process. Using hard stamps should help to realize the low-cost, high-throughput roll-to-roll fabrication of flexible solar cells.
Novel metallo-dendrimers containing various Ru core ligands and dendritic thiophene arms for photovoltaic applications
(2014)
Satapathy, Rudrakanta
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Ramesh, Mohan
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Padhy, Harihara
;
Chiang, I. -Hung
;
Chu, Chih-Wei
Three series of supramolecular mono-(i.e., Ru1G1, Ru1G2 and Ru1G3), bis-(i.e., BTRu2G1, BTRu2G2 and BTRu2G3) and tris-(i.e., TPARu3G1, TPARu3G2 and TPARu3G3) Ru-based dendritic complexes were synthesized. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties were investigated. These metallo-dendritic complexes covered a broad absorption range of 250-750 nm with optical bandgaps of 1.51-1.86 eV. The energy levels of the metallo-dendrimers can be effectively adjusted not only by different generations of dendritic thiophene arms but also by their pi-conjugated core ligands bearing various electron donor (i.e., triphenylamine) and acceptor (i.e., benzothiadiazole) moieties. Due to the donor-acceptor effect, the bis-Ru-based dendrimers containing a benzothiadiazole electron-acceptor core ligand showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) among these three series of metallo-dendrimers. The tris-Ru-based architecture with a triphenylamine electron-donor core ligand revealed moderate photovoltaic performance. Among the different generations (G1-G3) of dendrimers, the third generation (G3) possessed the highest PCE values in each series of Ru-based dendrimers. Hence, the third generation bis-\'Ru\'-based dendrimer BTRu2G3 blended with PC70BM (1 : 3 w/w) showed the highest PCE value of 0.77% (without the aid of additives or annealing), which is the highest efficiency among all bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) solar cells containing metallo-dendrimers reported to date.

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