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BackgroundHuman gut microbiome has an essential role in human health and disease. Although the major dominant microbiota within individuals have been reported, the change of gut microbiome caused by external factors, such as antibiotic use and bowel cleansing, remains unclear. We conducted this study to investigate the change of gut microbiome in overweight male adults after bowel preparation, where none of the participants had been diagnosed with any systemic diseases.MethodsA total of 20 overweight, male Taiwanese adults were recruited, and all participants were omnivorous. The participants provided fecal samples and blood samples at three time points: prior to bowel preparation, 7days after colonoscopy, and 28days after colonoscopy. The microbiota composition in fecal samples was analyzed using 16S ribosome RNA gene amplicon sequencing.ResultsOur results demonstrated that the relative abundance of the most dominant bacteria hardly changed from prior to bowel preparation to 28days after colonoscopy. Using the ratio of Prevotella to the sum of Prevotella and Bacteroides in the fecal samples at baseline, the participants were separated into two groups. The fecal samples of the Type 1 group was Bacteroides-dominant, and that of the Type 2 group was Prevotella-dominant with a noticeable presence Bacteroides. Bulleidia appears more in the Type 1 fecal samples, while Akkermensia appears more in the Type 2 fecal samples. Of each type, the gut microbial diversity differed slightly among the three collection times. Additionally, the Type 2 fecal microbiota was temporarily susceptible to bowel cleansing. Predictive functional analysis of microbial community reveals that their activities for the mineral absorption metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism differed significantly between the two types. Depending on their fecal type, the variance of triglycerides and C-reactive protein also differed between the two types of participants.ConclusionsDepending upon the fecal type, the microbial diversity and the predictive functional modules of microbial community differed significantly after bowel preparation. In addition, blood biochemical markers presented somewhat associated with fecal type. Therefore, our results might provide some insights as to how knowledge of the microbial community could be used to promote health through personalized clinical treatment.

This study examines the diffraction properties of a generalized split N-sector lens originating from Billet's split bi-sector lens. The intensity distributions vary dramatically as the number of split sectors increases, and especially compared with those of the classical Billet's split lens. Nevertheless, the type of lens splitting selected causes the interference pattern of equidistant straight lines in the original Billet's lens to form an N-fold angularly distributed pattern with an angle difference of 2 pi/N. For an odd number of splitting N, there is an additional angle shift of pi/N for the azimuthally distributed patterns of equidistant straight lines. In other words, there are two kinds of symmetry even for simple splitting operations. On the other hand, the peak intensity distribution in the central portion resembles a concentric-circle-like pattern, when N is large as a result of N-beam interference. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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