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A refined model for ozone mass transfer in a bubble column
(1998-01-01)
Huang, WH
;
Chang, CY
;
Chiu, CY
;
Lee, SJ
;
Yu, YH
The mathematical model proposed by Marinas et ai. (1993) for a bubble column gas-liquid contactor is refined to described the mass transfer of ozone absorption and decomposition in the aqueous solution with the decomposition rate expression of general reaction orders (not necessarily integers). Three system equations are employed to describe the ozone concentrations in the bulk liquid (C-ALb), the hold-up gas (C-AGb), and the superficial gas rise velocity (u(G)), respectively. The variation of u(G) and the effect of ozone decomposition on the mass transfer, which is reflected by the enhancement factor (E-r) defined as the ratio of chemical to pure physical mass fluxes according to the film model of gas liquid absorption, are considered in the refined model. This analysis thus extends the applicability of the model of Marinas et al. (1993) and is of special importance for the ozone mass transfer in the cases of basic solutions and of low mass transfer coefficients, in which the effect of decomposition on absorption is significant. An example of such case is the cyanide wastewater treatment in the strong basic condition.
Modeling ozone mass transfer with combined effects of ozone decomposition and reaction with pollutants in a bubble column
(2001-09-01)
Huang, WH
;
Chang, CY
;
Chiu, CY
;
Chen, YH
;
Yu, YH
This paper analyzes the countercurrent single-stage bubble column reactor (BCR) for gas-liquid ozonation systems. The effects of system variables on ozonation performance are examined. The aspects of ozonation performance considered include the efficiency of ozone utilization, the efficiency of pollutant removal, and the emission concentration of ozone gas. This analysis takes into account the effects of ozone decomposition and the ozonation of pollutants on the ozone mass transfer (i. e., enhancement factror, E-r), the variation of pressure (P) and of gas velocity (U-G) along the column, and dispersion effects (Pe(G), Pe(L)). The obtained detailed single-stage BCR model may be used in further development of multi-stage BCR model in the future. The results of this study can provide useful information for rational design of a BCR ozonation contactor, and are important with respect to the treatment of pollutants via ozonation. For the simplified case without ozonation of pollutants, this analysis reduces to that of Huang et al. (1998).
Kinetics of decomposition of polyethylene glycol in electroplating solution by ozonation with UV radiation
(2001-10-01)
Chang, CY
;
Chen, YH
;
Li, H
;
Chiu, CY
;
Yu, YH
The kinetics of the ozonation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the acid-based electroplating solution of the printed wiring board industry is studied. The substrate prescription of a typical electroplating solution is with pH of 0. 18-0.42, [CuSO4 . 5H(2)O] of 200 g/L, [H2SO4] of 60 g/L, and [Cl-] of 0.03 g/L. Certainly, the discarded electroplating solution is hard to treat with the common chemical and biological processes because of its acidic and metallic compositions. In addition, it contains valuable substances suitable for recovery and reutilization. One of the most important processes for reviving it is to remove the aged organic additives such as PEG. A two-step reaction mechanism in terms of ozone A and total organic carbon is proposed to express the reaction kinetics of PEG ozonation with UV radiation with intensity [I-uv]. The initial concentration of PEG is 30 mg/L, according to the recipe of a typical electroplating solution, which is equivalent to total organic carbon of 16.3 mg/L. The reaction rate r expressions of the concentrations of the liquid phase ozone C-ALb, PEG C-BLb, and intermediates C-ILb are r(A) (=dC(ALb)/dt) = -(k(Am) + k(t)[I-uv)C-ALb (k(R1) + k(RI1)[I-uv])CALbCBLb - (k(R2) + k(RI2)[I-uv])CALbCILb, r(B) (=dC(BLb)/dt) = -(k(R1) + k(RI1)[I-uv])CALbCBLb, r(int) (=dC(ILb)/dt) (k(R1) + k(RI1)[I-uv])CALbCBLb - (k(R2) + k(RI2)[I-uv])CALbCILb, with k(Am) = 0.0036 s(-1), k(1) = 4.654 X 10(-5)s(-1)/(Wm(-2)), k(R1) = 13.525 M(-1)s(-1), k(R2) = 0.751 M(-1)s(-1), k(RI1) = 0.683 M(-1)s(-1)/(Wm(-2)), and k(RI2) = 0.042 M(-1)s(-1)/(Wm(-2)). These reaction kinetic expressions are useful and referable for the proper design of an ozonation system with UV radiation for the treatment of PEG in the printed wiring board electroplating solution.
A dynamic model of ozone disinfection in a bubble column with oxygen mass transfer
(2002-05-01)
Chen, YH
;
Chang, CY
;
Yu, YH
;
Chiang, PC
;
Chiu, CY
The dynamic process of disinfection with ozone in a bubble column is studied for model establishment. Bubble columns have been widely used for ozone disinfection in plants and laboratories. Ozone is produced by passing oxygen-enriched gas through an ozone generator, and introduced into the bottom of a column equipped with a gas-diffuser. There certainly exists a temporary and unsteady period before the ozone disinfection system reaches steady state. Available ozone disinfection models employed to describe dissolved ozone and surviving microorganism profiles have commonly been developed for steady state. Moreover, oxygen mass transfer has usually been neglected in previous ozone disinfection models. However, this information is desirable for the proper operation of ozone disinfection in a bubble column. Thus, the objective of this study was to model and investigate the dynamic ozone disinfection process in a bubble column with oxygen mass transfer. A dynamic axial dispersion model is proposed and was employed to predict the variation of the ozone, microorganism and oxygen concentrations along the column. The results of prediction were obtained based on the conditions of Marinas et al. (1993). E. coli was chosen as the model microorganism. The dynamic model of ozone inactivation is useful for proper prediction of the variables of an ozone disinfection system in a bubble column.
Conductivity enhancement mechanism of the poly(ethylene oxide)/modified-clay-LiClO4 systems
(2002-07-01)
Chen, HW
;
Chiu, CY
;
Chang, FC
;
應用化學系
;
Department of Applied Chemistry
This study demonstrates that adding clay that was organically modified by dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DDAC) and d2000 surfactants increases the ionic conductivity of polymeric electrolyte. A.C. impedance, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies revealed that the silicate layers strongly interact with the dopant salt lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) within a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/clay/LiClO4 system. DSC characterization verified that the addition of a small amount of the organic clay reduces the glass-transition temperature of PEO as a result of the interaction between the negative charge in the clay and the lithium cation. Additionally, the strength of such a specific interaction depends on the extent of PEO intercalation. With respect to the interaction between the silicate layer and the lithium cation, three types of complexes are assumed. In complex I, lithium cation is distributed within the PEO phase. In complex II, lithium cation resides in an PEO/exfoliated-clay environment. In complex III, the lithium cation is located in PEO/ agglomerated-clay domains. More clay favors complex III over complexes II and I, reducing the interaction between the silicate layers and the lithium cations because of strong self-aggregation among the silicate layers. Notably, the (PEO)(8)LiClO4/DDACmodified clay (DDAC-mClay) composition can form a nanocomposite electrolyte with high ionic conductivity (8 x 10(-5) S/cm) at room temperature. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solid-state electrolyte nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene oxide), poly(oxypropylene) diamine, mineral clay and lithium perchlorate
(2002-08-01)
Chen, HW
;
Chiu, CY
;
Wu, HD
;
Shen, IW
;
Chang, FC
This work has demonstrated that the addition of specific amount of poly(oxypropylene) diamine (d2000) and mineral clay in the PEO-based electrolyte system can form the high conductivity film at room temperature. Specific interactions among silicate layer, d2000, ether oxygen, and lithium cation have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), alternating current impedance (AC impedance) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR). The DSC characterization confirms that the addition of 25 w1% d2000 is able to produce low T-g and fully amorphous (PEO)(8)LiClO4/d2000 electrolyte system which produce the good environment for ionic transfer. Additionally, the incorporation of the mineral clay into the (PEO)(8)LiClO4/d2000 electrolyte system can sustain the polymeric mechanical property by its huge surface area and enhance the conductivity due to the specific interaction between silicate layers and lithium cation. FT-IR spectra confirm that the incorporation of the clay is able to dissolve the lithium salts more effectively and resulting to the higher fraction of free anions due to the strong interaction between negative charges of the silicate layers and lithium cations of the lithium salt. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Decomposition of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in aqueous solution by ozonation with UV radiation
(2002-09-01)
Chen, YH
;
Chang, CY
;
Huang, SF
;
Chiu, CY
;
Ji, D
This study investigates the ozonation of 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2-NS) combined With ultraviolet (UV) radiation, Naphthalenesulfonic acids are of importance as dye intermediates for the dye and textile auxiliary industries. Its derivatives, such as 2-NS. have been found in rivers and tannery effluents causing Pollution problems. Thus, the 2-NS is of concern for the aquatic pollution control especially in the surface and waste waters. Ozonation combined with UV radiation is employed for the removal of 2-NS in the aqueous solution. Semibatch ozonation experiments were proceeded under different reaction conditions to studs the effects of ozone dosage and UV radiation on the oxidation of 2-NS. The concentrations of 2-NS and sulfate are analyzed at specified time internals to elucidate the decomposition of 2-NS. In addition, values of pH and oxidation reduction potential are continuously Measured in the course of experiments. Total organic carbon is chosen as a mineralization index of the ozonation of 2-NS, The mineralization of 2-NS via the ozonation is remarkably enhanced by the UV radiation. These results can provide useful information for the proper removal of 2-NS in the aqueous solution by the ozonation with UV radiation. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Dynamic model of ozone contacting process with oxygen mass transfer in bubble columns
(2002-11-01)
Chen, YH
;
Chang, CY
;
Chiu, CY
;
Huang, WH
;
Yu, YH
The dynamic process of the dissolution of ozone in a countercurrent bubble column is studied for model establishment. Bubble columns have been used widely for ozone contacting in the plant and laboratory. Ozone is produced by oxygen-enriched gas through an ozone generator, and introduced into the bottom of the column equipped with the gas diffuser. The ozone contacting system proceeds for a temporary and unsteady period before reaching steady state. The available ozone dissolution models employed for the description of the dissolved ozone profiles were commonly developed for the steady state. Moreover, oxygen mass transfer is usually neglected in the preceding ozone dissolution models. However, this information is desirable for proper operation of ozone dissolution in a bubble column. Thus, the objective of this study is to model and investigate the dynamic ozone dissolution process in a bubble column with the oxygen mass transfer. The dynamic axial dispersion model proposed is employed to predict the variations of ozone and oxygen concentrations along the column, and the amount of off-gas. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data. The dynamic model of ozone dissolution is useful and referable for proper prediction of the variables of the ozone contacting system in a bubble column.
Dynamic behavior of ozonation with pollutant in a countercurrent bubble column with oxygen mass transfer
(2003-06-01)
Chen, YH
;
Chang, CY
;
Chiu, CY
;
Yu, YH
;
Chiang, PC
The dynamic behavior of ozonation with pollutants in a countercurrent bubble column is studied for the model establishment. Bubble columns have been widely used for an ozonation system in the plants and laboratories. In addition, a countercurrent bubble column has been commonly recommended than a cocurrent one because it has a higher ozone transfer efficiency. Therefore, the investigation of this paper focuses on the countercurrent bubble column. As an ozonation process starts, the gas mixture of ozone and oxygen is introduced into the bottom of a column, and then transferred into the liquid. The pollutants in the wastewater are eliminated subsequently via oxidation by the dissolved ozone. There certainly exists a temporary and unsteady period before the ozonation system reaches steady state. However, available ozonation models employed to describe ozone and pollutant profiles have commonly been developed for steady state. The treating qualities of wastewater in the early stage of ozonation are usually not predicted, and the time required for the steady-state establishment remains to be determined. Moreover, oxygen mass transfer is usually neglected in previous ozonation models so that the increase of dissolved oxygen is uncertain. These information is desirable for the proper design and operation of ozonation system in a bubble column. Thus, the aim of this study is to model and investigate the dynamic processes of ozonation with pollutants including oxygen mass transfer. The dynamic axial dispersion model proposed is employed to predict the variation of the ozone, pollutant, and oxygen concentrations profiles. The validity of the model was demonstrated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data. The o-cresol was chosen as the model pollutant. The temporal concentration variations of the residual o-cresol and dissolved oxygen in the effluent liquid, and the off-gas ozone in the free volume were measured accordingly. Furthermore, the variation of the enhancement factor of ozone and the amount of off-gas were predicted. Note that it usually needs 2-5 hydraulic retention times to approach steady state under the conditions of this study. Further, the effects of dimensionless system parameters on the performance of the ozonation processes are examined. As a result, the proposed dynamic model of ozonation with pollutants is useful for proper prediction of the variables of an ozonation system in a countercurrent bubble column. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Long-period fiber grating effects induced by double-sided loading
(2003-07-01)
Tang, TY
;
Tseng, PY
;
Chiu, CY
;
Lin, CN
;
Yang, CC
Periodical perturbations along an optical fiber can cause power coupling between the core and cladding modes for the applications of spectral filtering and derivative operations. Such perturbations can be generated through periodical loading on fiber. By applying loading onto a fiber with two face-to-face, identical groove structures, it was found that the long-period grating effects were dependent on the relative phase of the two periodical corrugations. Particularly, when the relative phase was zero (crest to crest), spectral filtering effects disappeared completely. The comparisons of such results between the cases of jacketed and unjacketed fibers led to the conclusion that geometric deformation, instead of direct pressure-induced effects, was the dominating mechanism for generating spectral filtering functions in the double-sided loading configuration. The same conclusion can be applied to a singlesided loading device. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

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