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🏛️國立陽明交通大學機構典藏

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    Optimization and performance evaluation of the continuous algal toxicity test
    (1997-07-01)
    Chen, CY
    ;
    Lin, KC
    ;
    環境工程研究所
    ;
    Institute of Environmental Engineering
    Responses of Selenastrum capricornutum to cadmium in a chemostat are evaluated under various test conditions defined by the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, phosphate strength, dilution rate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid content. Based on the test results, these parameters were optimized to achieve superior test sensitivity. This continuous system was also modified to allow testing on a weekly basis. The performance of the modified testing technique was evaluated, employing six different metal toxicants. Compared with batch test results reported by other researchers and our own experiment, the continuous test achieved superior sensitivities and reproducibility. The test method presented in this study is believed to be an ideal technique both for research and regulatory purposes.
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    寶山原水含高藻及鐵、錳淨水處理操作最適化之研究
    (2012)
    袁如馨
    ;
    Jill Ruhsing Pan
    ;
    國立交通大學工學院防災工程研究中心
    寶山淨水場原水主要來自寶山水庫及寶山第二水庫，夏季時水庫常有大量藻類滋生，且在枯水期時原水中鐵、錳含量突增，甚至超過飲用水水源水質標準，此時寶山場淨水前處理加藥操作如前氧化及混凝加藥控制不易，致使後續沉澱池效能不彰及過濾池嚴重堵塞、反沖洗頻率增加及水質惡化等問題發生，甚至發生紅水事件，延宕正常供水作業，無法即時滿足工業園區及民生用水需求。 本研究計畫擬每個月針對寶山給水廠、寶山及寶山第二水庫原水進行原水調配比例調查、例行性水質及物化特性分析，並調查各淨水單元之藻種及藻數，以確認影響淨水操作之問題藻種。另外，分析原水中鐵及錳之濃度及型態，以探討原水調配方式及廢水迴流操作對原水鐵及錳濃度變化之影響，以了解原水鐵及錳濃度突增之原因。於研究期間，本研究團隊將評估寶山場含藻及鐵、錳原水經不同前氧化劑(次氯酸鈉及高錳酸鉀)搭配不同混凝劑(硫酸鋁及聚矽酸鐵)混沉處理之最適加藥模式，最後，提出寶山場因應含藻及鐵、錳原水問題之最適淨水操作策略及原水調配對策。
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    Effects of inoculum's mean cell volume on algal toxicity tests
    (2000)
    Chao, MR
    ;
    Chen, CY
    ;
    環境工程研究所
    ;
    Institute of Environmental Engineering
    The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of the mean cell volume (MCV) of algal inoculum to the sensitivity and reproducibility of the toxicity test. Two sets of experiments were conducted using inoculums with the MCV equal to 60 mum(3)/cell and 40 mum(3)/cell, respectively. The initial cell densities, however, were kept the same at 10,000 cells/ml. The results show that larger MCV of the inoculum results in greater EC50 values. Similar observations and conclusions were obtained from comparisons based on NOEC values. Thus, MCV of the inoculum significantly influences the observed toxic response in terms of EC50 and NOEC values. It is also evident that, there is a significant increase in the test variability if the MCV is not controlled properly. This study reports that standardizing the initial mean cell volume of algal culture can improve inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory precision. Furthermore, replacing the EC50 values by the calculated exposure values (EE50) can reduce the variability in data due to differences in the MCV of the inoculum.
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    Statistical comparisons of the no-observed-effect concentration and the effective concentration at 10% inhibition (EC10) in algal toxicity tests
    (2001)
    Shieh, JN
    ;
    Chao, MR
    ;
    Chen, CY
    ;
    環境工程研究所
    ;
    Institute of Environmental Engineering
    Batch-type algal toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the low toxic effects of metal toxicants. Both the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) and the effective concentration at 10% inhibition (EC10) were calculated and compared. The results of this study indicate that, for algal toxicity tests, NOEC. offers better protection to the test organisms than EC10. In addition, the consistency of NOEC is found to depend on the response endpoints measured. A cut-off-value approach is proposed to determine whether NOEC or EC10 should be chosen for estimating low toxic effects. For a specific toxicity test, the average cut-off value directly indicates the magnitude of the square root of the within-group-variance. A precise test associated with small within-group-variances also produces relatively small average cut-off value (say, less than 10% of the growth reduction). This average value provides useful information on the minimum protection that can be offered by the NOEC.
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    Toxicity of nitriles and their derivatives on Raphidocelis subcapitata (Algae)
    (2005)
    Huang, Chun-Pin
    ;
    Chen, Chung-Yuan
    ;
    環境工程研究所
    ;
    Institute of Environmental Engineering
    Algae are ecologically important organisms in the aquatic food chain and are frequently used in environmental studies for assessing the relative toxicity of various chemicals and/or waste discharges. Currently, however, most standard algal test protocols are based on conventional batch technique (ASTM, 1994; ISO, 1987; US EPA, 1996; OECD; 1984). The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (1996) has concluded that current algal toxicity test protocols are unsuitable for assessing the effects of volatile compounds because the experimental design for these methods may cause considerable losses of volatile organic toxicants and, consequently, underestimations of the toxicity of volatile organic chemicals. Nitriles and their derivatives are common intermediate products from plastic and resin manufactories. Their toxic effects to phytoplankton have rarely been investigated. This study evaluated the toxicity of 12 kinds of nitriles and halogen-substituted nitriles using a closed-system algal toxicity test with no head-space. Raphidocelis subcapitata was selected as the test alga. Toxicity testing was conducted by transferring adequate amounts of algal suspension, dilution water (with growth medium), and toxicants into 300-ml BOD bottles. The BOD bottles were completely filled up with no head-space left. The initial cell density and the exposure time were 15,000 cells/mL and 48 hours, respectively. Light intensity and temperature were kept at 65 mu EM(-2)s(-1) (+/- 10%) and 24 +/- 1 square. The DO level at the beginning of the test was approximately 1 to 3 mg/L. Two response endpoints, i.e., dissolved oxygen production and algal growth rate, were employed to assess the toxicity of the test chemicals. The median effective concentration (EC50) was defined as the toxicant concentration that resulted in 50% reduction with respect to the response endpoints (i.e., ADO, or growth rate). The median effective concentrations (EC50) range from 0.051 to 5843 mg/L. In general, the DO endpoint revealed higher inhibition than that from algal growth rate. The above phenomenon indicates that certain nitrils and their derivatives have stronger toxic effects to algal photosynthesis reactions. Furthermore, halogen-substituted nitriles were found to be extremely toxic to Raphidocefis subcapitata. With increasing numbers of the halogen molecules, stronger toxicity was observed. The bromine substitutent also seems to be more toxic than chlorine substitutent. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were established based on the chemicals'ELUMO values with R 2 values equal to 0.85. Such relationships can thus be used to predict the toxicity of other nitrile compounds.