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    Breakthrough to Non-Vacuum Deposition of Single-Crystal, Ultra-Thin, Homogeneous Nanoparticle Layers: A Better Alternative to Chemical Bath Deposition and Atomic Layer Deposition
    (2017-04-01)
    Liao, Yu-Kuang
    ;
    Liu, Yung-Tsung
    ;
    Hsieh, Dan-Hua
    ;
    Shen, Tien-Lin
    ;
    Hsieh, Ming-Yang
    Most thin-film techniques require a multiple vacuum process, and cannot produce high-coverage continuous thin filmswith the thickness of a fewnanometers on rough surfaces. We present a new "paradigm shift" non-vacuum process to deposit high-quality, ultra-thin, single-crystal layers of coalesced sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) with controllable thickness down to a few nanometers, based on thermal decomposition. This provides high-coverage, homogeneous thickness, and large-area deposition over a rough surface, with little material loss or liquid chemical waste, and deposition rates of 10 nm/min. This technique can potentially replace conventional thin-film deposition methods, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical bath deposition (CBD) as used by the Cu(In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cell industry for decades. We demonstrate 32% improvement of CIGS thin-film solar cell efficiency in comparison to reference devices prepared by conventional CBD deposition method by depositing the ZnS NPs buffer layer using the new process. The new ZnS NPs layer allows reduction of an intrinsic ZnO layer, which can lead to severe shunt leakage in case of a CBD buffer layer. This leads to a 65% relative efficiency increase.
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    Multiphoton microscopy in defining liver function
    (2014-09-01)
    Thorling, Camilla A.
    ;
    Crawford, Darrell
    ;
    Burczynski, Frank J.
    ;
    Liu, Xin
    ;
    Liau, Ian
    Multiphoton microscopy is the preferred method when in vivo deep-tissue imaging is required. This review presents the application of multiphoton microscopy in defining liver function. In particular, multiphoton microscopy is useful in imaging intracellular events, such as mitochondrial depolarization and cellular metabolism in terms of NAD(P) H changes with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The morphology of hepatocytes can be visualized without exogenously administered fluorescent dyes by utilizing their autofluorescence and second harmonic generation signal of collagen, which is useful in diagnosing liver disease. More specific imaging, such as studying drug transport in normal and diseased livers are achievable, but require exogenously administered fluorescent dyes. If these techniques can be translated into clinical use to assess liver function, it would greatly improve early diagnosis of organ viability, fibrosis, and cancer. (C) The Authors.
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    Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement
    (2015-05-22)
    Du, Zheren
    ;
    Chen, Lianwei
    ;
    Kao, Tsung-Sheng
    ;
    Wu, Mengxue
    ;
    Hong, Minghui
    For practical application, optical limiting materials must exhibit a fast response and a low threshold in order to be used for the protection of the human eye and electro-optical sensors against intense light. Many nanomaterials have been found to exhibit optical limiting properties. Laser ablation offers the possibility of fabricating nanoparticles from a wide range of target materials. For practical use of these materials, their optical limiting performance, including optical limiting threshold and the ability to efficiently attenuate high intensity light, needs to be improved. In this paper, we fabricate nanoparticles of different metals by laser ablation in liquid. We study the optical nonlinear properties of the laser-generated nanoparticle dispersion. Silica microspheres are used to enhance the optical limiting performance of the nanoparticle dispersion. The change in the optical nonlinear properties of the laser-generated nanoparticle dispersion caused by silica microspheres is studied. It is found that the incident laser beam is locally focused by the microspheres, leading to an increased optical nonlinearity of the nanoparticle dispersion.
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    奈米微粒作業環境控制技術性能評估
    (2008)
    蔡春進
    ;
    Chuen-Jinn Tsai
    ;
    國立交通大學環境工程研究所
    國外的不同研究機構及標準組織已提出許多奈米微粒作業環境控制技術、暴露量測及評估方法、最佳工作法則及研究需求，且對於奈米微粒的工程控制技術、個人防護及行政管理均有一些研究進展。本計畫將評估文獻上的奈米微粒控制技術並做具體的建議，以研擬適合本國的奈米微粒控制策略。現階段奈米微粒作業環境測定數據過於缺乏，美國NIOSH已提出TiO2奈米微粒建議暴露限值，其他奈米物質的暴露限值也正積極的研究當中，因此有必要在高溫二氧化鈦製程及其他作業場所測量奈米微粒的暴露現況，了解污染來源及評估控制技術的性能。在實驗室的研究方面，本計畫擬使用較簡便的漩渦震盪器與微小粉塵分散器來進行奈米粉體揚塵特性測試，並與標準測試方法作比較，期能縮短測試的時間及成本。本計畫也擬對於工業級高效率真空HEPA吸塵器對奈米粉體的過濾效果及奈米粉體負荷後的影響進行探討，以提昇本土化的高效率工業真空吸塵器的技術水準。
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    環境中奈米物質量測、特性分析及即時毒性測試平台技術開發
    (2010)
    蔡春進
    ;
    國立交通大學環境工程研究所
    體內實驗利用動物暴露於奈米微粒，以得知其影響健康效應之毒理，而體外實驗則是將細胞株暴露於奈米微粒，再利用分子生物技術進行分析，以找出造成細胞毒性反應的機理。與體內實驗相較，細胞株的實驗較為快速且便宜，然而傳統的細胞株暴露於微粒的方式受到許多的科學家的質疑。在傳統的測試方法中微粒以濾紙收集至一定量後以液體將微粒萃取下來，再將萃取的液體加到培養細胞上，但此過程有時需用到溶劑，萃取效率無法達到100%，且會引起微粒聚集、溶解及可能發生反應。另外添加在細胞株上的液體內的微粒無法與細胞直接接觸，也容易造成微粒劑量的高估，使毒性測試結果無法與體內實驗的數據比較。本研究使用一新設計之奈米分徑濕式靜電微粒採樣器 (Wet Nanoparticle Sampler, WNS)來採集大氣或實驗室製備之工程奈米微粒。WNS中的液體連續迴流系統可使採集下來的微粒在液體介質中濃縮。取得奈米水溶液樣本後，再與「配合即時監測環境樣品奈米微粒細胞毒性篩選技術」研究計畫合作，利用細胞連續及即時生長分析儀，建立更穩定、快速及可測試大量奈米微粒樣品的篩選平台。本研究另設計一細胞暴露奈米微粒靜電沉積器(Cell ESP)，其根據液相電泳理論，在底部養有細胞的液態介質中產生一微弱電場，讓奈米微粒(先前WNS所採集的濃縮奈米微粒)可沈降至底部，確實與細胞接觸，以探究真實的奈米微粒劑量與細胞毒性的關係，釐清目前普遍高估細胞毒性劑量的問題，較正確的數據將來也可與體內毒性測試的結果做比較。目前WNS結合Cell ESP的奈米微粒細胞毒性測試平台已建立，正在進行細胞毒性測試中。 環境奈米微粒對細胞的毒性比一般工程製造的奈米粉體還高(Xia et al., 2006)，因為環境奈米微粒附著有機物質、鹽類及重金屬等成份(Donaldson et al., 2002及Oberdörster et al., 2005)所致。因此準確地量測並分析環境奈米微粒的化學成分相當的重要，得到的數據可供人體暴露及健康危害相關研究之用。然而目前國際上尚沒有任何一個研究團隊能準確的採集並分析奈米微粒的所有物種。透過前兩期的研究，本團隊已能準確地採集環境奈米微粒並分析其主要化學成分，包括有機碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性離子(Ions)及金屬元素(Element)，正確的修正有機碳正誤差(positive artifact)，本研究得到很好的不同大氣環境奈米微粒的化學平衡(化學成分的重量總和微粒秤重得到的重量之比)及計算出其有效密度，研究成果已發表4篇學術論文於Atmospheric Environment及Aerosol Science and Technology。 本期研究以前兩期的研究成果為基礎，繼續選擇一般民眾、學生、駕駛乘客、遊客及作業勞工或工廠附近居民容易長時間暴露奈米微粒的地方，探究人體可能暴露奈米微粒的情形。此外為進一步做出具國際水準的研究，本期於鹿林山環保署背景測站、恆春海森館背景站及隧道入口附近進行奈米物質濃度及物化特性等的研究。在創新的研究方面，我們將領先使用VOC denuder加裝於MOUDI上游來移除氣態有機物，可準確地得到不同大氣環境奈米物質的總有機碳、PAHs及水溶性有機酸的濃度。我們也設計並製造更平滑的MOUDI噴嘴，來減低微粒在噴嘴中的損失及避免因噴嘴阻塞造成採樣結果的錯誤，此設計目前也正在申請專利中。最後我們也發展了一套加濕、乾燥裝置來改變微粒進入MOUDI或其它採樣器時的相對溼度，找出徹底解決微粒在慣性衝擊器中彈跳的方法，增加奈米微粒採集的正確性，以此為基礎，將來可嘗試設計更高流量的衝擊器來增加奈米微粒的收集量。以上這些研究都至少與國際水平相當，甚至更為前瞻、具競爭力。 本研究團隊於前兩年的研究計畫中曾針對針對環境中奈米物質未來暴露評估與風險評估可能的知識缺口進行文獻收集及整理，並列出部份主題的國內研究現況，且舉行了國內專家座談會(蔡, 2007(a), 2008(a))，作成了具體的結論及建議。根據前兩年的研究報告及目前在ICON資料庫 (ICON, http://icon.rice.edu/virtualJournal.cfm)、Environmetal Science and Technology及Nano Letters期刊收集的2008-2010年的文獻，本研究已完成「奈米物質量測分析技術與暴露評估」有關之最新資訊整理(critical review)文件70%以上，待完整的報告完成後將至少在環保署「環境奈米科技知識庫」中具名發表，以供各界參考。 根據環保署評選須知中詳列的計畫工作內容(如第二章所述)與本研究目前已得到的成果，本團隊已完成本計畫之目標達65%以上。待後續35%的研究成果後，預計在11月底前提出期末報告初稿，並進行期末審查。本研究之成果預計在1年內投稿1-2篇國際期刊論文，主題包括奈米微粒細胞毒性之研究及環境奈米微粒之來源及車輛排放係數之研究等。
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    類磷脂質高分子團聯共聚物之製備與其在癌症治療與組織修復之應用
    (2004)
    莊祚敏
    ;
    JUANG TZUOH-MIIN
    ;
    交通大學應用化學研究所
    近年來，高分子材料在生醫科技的應用上具有舉足輕重的地位。本研究計畫旨在發 展新型高分子團聯共聚物，以做為治療癌症之「奈米藥物載體」與組織修復之「多孔性 支架」。本計畫之高分子團聯共聚物是由生分解高分子PLA 與類磷脂質高分子PMPC 所 組成，兼具高生物相容性與生物分解性。在體內可避免免疫系統辨識、有效地抑制蛋白 質及血小板之吸附。因此具有良好的血液穩定性而使高分子奈米微胞滯留在體內的時間 增長，並藉由癌症組織EPR 效應（enhanced permeability and retention effect）大量累積 於癌細胞，減少對正常細胞之傷害。此外，亦可改變高分子組成比例，製備成具良好機 械強度之多孔性支架，以組織工程技術培養細胞於支架內，以做為關節軟骨治療之基 材。
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    奈米探針結合毛細管電泳及電噴灑游離質譜法於食品中鈣離子含量之分析
    (2005)
    陳月枝
    ;
    Yu-Chie Chen
    ;
    國立交通大學應用化學系
    毛細管電泳由於樣品與溶劑的使用量少、分析時間短以及分離效率高等優點，目前已被廣泛地應用於各種樣品的分析，而電噴灑游離質譜法由於可以在大氣壓下直接進行分析物之游離，所以可和毛細管電泳進行很好的連結，並可藉由串連式質譜法(MS/MS)所得的樣品碎片訊號來確認其身分，所以已廣泛地被應用於各類樣品的分析。 本計劃將利用毛細管電泳及電噴灑游離質譜法為分析方法，並設計一鐵奈米粒子探針，將奈米粒子表面修飾上對鈣離子具有親和力之分子可對鈣離子具專一辨別能力，用以濃縮萃取食品中的鈣離子，藉由毛細管電泳的分離以及電噴灑質譜法的分析發展一快速、簡便且準確性高的分析方法。
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    Synthesis and Characterization of PEG-PCL-PEG Triblock Copolymers as Carriers of Doxorubicin for the Treatment of Breast Cancer
    (2010-09-15)
    Cuong, Nguyen-Van
    ;
    Hsieh, Ming-Fa
    ;
    Chen, Yung-Tsung
    ;
    Liau, Ian
    ;
    應用化學系分子科學碩博班
    Triblock copolymers of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) and epsilon-caprolactone (CL) were prepared with varying lengths of poly(E-caprolactone) (PCL) compositions and a fixed length of mPEG segment. The molecular characteristics of triblock copolymers were characterized by NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These amphiphilic linear copolymers based on PCL hydrophobic chain and hydrophilic mPEG ending, which can self-assemble into nanoscopic micelles with their hydrophobic cores, encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) in an aqueous solution. The particle size of prepared micelles was around 40-92 nm. The DOX loading content and DOX loading efficiency were from 3.7-7.4% to 26-49%, respectively. DOX-released profile was pH-dependent and faster at pH 5.4 than pH 7.4. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded micelles was found to be similar with free DOX in drug-resistant cells (MCF-7/adr). The great amounts of DOX and fast uptake accumulated into the MCF-7/adr cells from DOX-loaded micelles suggest a potential application in cancer chemotherapy. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 3694-3703, 2010
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    Interrelation of transport and optical properties in gold nanoclusters
    (2010-09-20)
    Shu, G. W.
    ;
    Chen, T. Y.
    ;
    Shen, J. L.
    ;
    Lin, C. A. J.
    ;
    Chang, W. H.
    Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and photoluminescence (PL) in Au nanoclusters (NCs) is investigated. The correlation of the conductivity and PL in Au NCs at different temperatures is evident: (i) for T < 50 K, both the conductivity and PL intensity decrease with temperature, which suggests thermal structural fluctuations; (ii) for 50 K < T < 90 K, conductivity and PL are explained by variable range hopping; (iii) for 90 K < T < 170 K, simple thermal activated hopping dominates in conductivity, with a rate-equation model proposed to analyze the carrier transfer in PL. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3491288]
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    Hybridization sensing by electrical enhancement with nanoparticles in nanogap
    (2008-11-01)
    Chen, Chun-Chi
    ;
    Ko, Fu-Hsiang
    ;
    Chang, Edward Yi
    ;
    Chang, Feng-Chih
    ;
    Kuo, Shiao-Wei
    In this work, the monolayer of gold nanoparticles within 72 nm gap has been proposed to function as a DNA sensor. The authors suggest that the nanoparticles in the nanogap could act as hopping sites which amplify the conductance of hybridized DNA strands. The conductance amplification between single strand and hybridized DNAs through gold nanoparticles is observed. Various concentrations of capture and target DNA are discussed for optimal hybridization sensing purpose. With the help of 1 nM capture DNAs, this sensor is able to analyze target DNA sequences at very low concentration of 1 fM. Furthermore, by means of adjusting the denature temperature to 60 degrees C, even single mismatch hybridization could be discriminated.