「著」與中文無法獨立成句之效應

Abstract

此篇論文主要探討中文裡未完成時貌標誌(imperfective aspect marker)「著」與無法獨立成句之效應(incompleteness effects)，提出機制來解釋無法獨立成句的特性，並且重新定義「著」的語意。本文首先探討Lin (2002)「著」的語意，問卷調查的結果呈現，「著」不但可以與持續體(durative)且無終點的(atelic)的情狀類型(situation type)合用，如活動動詞(activity)，也可以與持續體(durative)且有終點的(telic)情狀類型合用，如達成動詞(accomplishment)。此外，綜觀過去對於「著」的研究，「著」具有無法獨立成句(incompleteness)的特性。本文還發現，不僅「著」的句子(zhe sentences)，簡單句(simple sentences)也有此特性。過去與無法獨立成句的相關研究中，大部分只針對「著」給予解釋，沒有兩種句子的交叉比對。本文將兩種句子相互對照發現，雖然結果並不完全一致，但提出了三個分析來證明「著」並非焦點標記(focus marker)，也就是兩種句子擁有共同的無法獨立成句的特性。以過去文獻的分析為基礎，修改了時制定位(tense anchoring)以及焦點定位(focus anchoring)。前者採用了Tsai (2008)的Asp-to-T raising，他引用了三層時貌投射(three-layer analysis of aspectual projections)，認為「在」和「過」提供了定位。後者包括了兩個次類：一為選擇觸發情境(alternative triggering contexts)帶出了句子的焦點，另一為特定信號作為焦點(signals for focus)。另外還採用Smith (2003)五種言談類型(discourse mode)中的報導(Report)來解釋「著」句與簡單句的部分不一致。因此，此篇論文認為中文裡「著」的無法獨立成句的特性其實是簡單句的普遍現象。

This thesis studies an imperfective aspect marker zhe and incompleteness effects in Chinese, proposes a mechanism to analyze the incompleteness effects, and rewrites the meaning of zhe. This thesis discusses the definition of zhe by Lin (2002) first. However, the results of the questionnaire show that zhe can combine with Activities, which belong to atelic durative situation type, and Accomplishments, which are telic and durative, as well. Moreover, the literature about zhe refers to incompleteness effects. And this study explores that not only zhe sentences but also simple sentences show incompleteness. The previous studies mainly analyze this feature in zhe sentences. They don’t compare these two kinds of sentences. This thesis presents comparison between them. Although the results don’t always show parallel, three analyses are proposed to argue that zhe is not a focus marker. Namely, two kinds of sentences share the same incompleteness effects. Relied on the previous studies, tense anchoring and focus anchoring are revised to analyze and explain the incompleteness effects. The former anchoring adopts Asp-to-T raising by Tsai (2008). He introduces a three-layer analysis of aspectual projections and thinks that zai and guo can raise to T for tense anchoring. The latter anchoring includes two concepts: one is that there must be a focus in an alternative triggering context, and the other is that adjuncts as well as ne are signals for focus in focus contexts. Besides, the proposal adopts one of the five discourse modes – Report (Smith 2003) to explain some differences shown superficially between two kinds of sentences. Overall, this thesis concludes that the incompleteness effects are not the exclusive features in zhe sentences but common phenomena in simple sentences in Chinese.