台灣成人心理成熟因素之關性研究

Abstract

本研究依據Bauer 和 McAdams（2004a, 2004b）的觀點，將心理成熟定義為社會認知成熟及社會情緒幸福感等兩種人格發展類型，藉此探討台灣樣本的心理成熟特色，並檢視成長主題、成長目標、意義化、壓力關聯成長與心理成熟間的關聯性。研究樣本是透過滾雪球方式選取102位18 - 57歲的參與者，分別填寫Loevinger華盛頓造句測驗（WUSCT）、心理幸福感量表（PWB）、壓力關聯成長量表（SRG）、大五人格量表（BFI）及撰寫成長主題與成長目標故事。研究將華盛頓造句測驗所量測的自我發展階段視為社會認知成熟的指標；研究結果發現參與者的自我發展階段平均介於「自我意識」與「良心」之間，且年齡越大發展階段越高；至於心理幸福感量表所量測出的社會情緒幸福感程度，則反映出多數人認同日常生活中所帶來的正向情緒；但社會認知成熟與社會情緒幸福感間無關聯性。基本上，成長主題、主題意義化、壓力關聯成長與心理成熟關係的分析結果顯示，在高峰經驗中描述成就主題並能賦予事件意義化者，越能促進社會認知成熟度的提升；描述學業挫折或工作表現不佳等低潮經驗，則會降低社會情緒幸福感的程度；若能從高峰經驗的壓力事件中獲得成長者可提升心理幸福感；另外，高峰經驗成就主題中的主題意義化能調節成長主題與社會認知成熟的關係。至於成長目標、目標意義化與心理成熟的研究結果僅發現，父母設定目標探索取向可促進自我發展的提升；個人設定目標內在取向可提升心理幸福感。在輔導實務面上，建議啟發個體多元的自我價值及生命意義的建構，勿拘泥於學業及工作表現。

According to Bauer and McAdams (2004a), psychological maturity can be defined as two forms of personality development: social-cognitive maturity (SCM) and social-emotional well-being (SEWB). The aim of this study attempts to explore the characteristics of psychological maturity in the population of Taiwanese adults, and its’ relations with growth themes, growth goals, meaningfulness of growth themes and growth goals, and stress related growth. One hundred and two participants were recruited through snowball sampling. The participants’ ages ranged from 18-57 years old. The participants completed the scales of Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT), Psychological Well-being (PWB), stress related growth Inventory, and Big- Five Inventory (BFI), and they were asked to write down their life stories (Growth Themes and growth goals). Ego development was measured by WUSCT which serves as the indicator of SCM. The results showed the average stage of ego development for participants was between Self-Aware stage and conscientious stage. It also showed older participants displayed a higher level of ego development. Social-emotional well-being was measured by PWB and the results showed that he majority of people agreed with that life brings positive emotion in everyday; PWB and SCM were not significantly correlated. Moreover, the results showed that in regard to peak experience in life stories, making meanings to achievement themes was positively correlated with SCM. On the contrary, when describing nadir experience, experiencing academic setback and poor job performance was negatively correlated with SWB. Stress related growth in the peak experience was positively correlated with PWB. Moreover, the meaningfulness of growth themes would moderate the relationship between growth themes and ego development for participants when describing achievement themes in peak experience. In addition, exploratory growth goals setted up by parents was positively correlated with SCM and personal intrinsic growth goals was positively correlated with PWB. Future studies should help people to develop multiple ways to inspire their self-value and to construct meaningful life, but not limited to the achievements of academic and work.