學術商業化之效率衡量：中國大陸大學為例

Abstract

學術商業化是大學貢獻社會的主要途徑，經由專利活動、技術移轉、產學合作、新創育成與校有企業營運等活動創造價值，如何打開學術商業化過程中的“黑箱”尋找效率衰退的因素以提升其商業化績效，是非常重要的議題。本研究從知識供應鏈系統之視角提出兩階段網絡資料包絡分析（Network DEA）架構，將學術商業化過程解構為研究創新和研究商業化兩個階段並結合多期MPI分析績效成長或衰退之原因。以中國大陸64所重點大學2009年至2014年期間學術商業化活動為研究對象，實證結果發現：（1）在現有的產出水準下，研究期間中國大陸大學之各項生產要素平均還有三分之一以上的可提升的空間；（2）學術商業化兩個子階段呈現出不協調之發展關係，整體效率不佳之關鍵原因為研究創新階段效率衰退所致；（3）理工科大學之商業化水準最高，設置醫學院之大學的表現較無醫學院之大學水準高；（4）期間整體MPI緩慢成長，主要原因在於整體技術效率變動（追趕效果）雖呈成長趨勢，但兩個階段的技術變革（創新效果）大部分時期呈衰退趨勢。最後，本研究藉由分析次級資料與深度訪談產官學研專家以提出提升大學商業化績效之策略和政策建議。

Although a large amount of past research has analyzed about the measuring the efficiency of academic commercialization (patenting, U-I linkage, spin-outs, technology transfer and university-owned enterprises), there has been limited deal with the time lag of this matter. In this paper, we first propose a relational network data envelopment analysis (DEA) research innovation process and a downstream research commercialization process, We model for measuring the efficiency of academic commercialization by decomposing the academic commercialization process into a network with a two-stage framework, an upstream subsequently use a second-step global Malmquist productivity index (MPI) between two periods to explain why some universities performed unsatisfactorily in the specified period of time. The empirical study is based on the dataset of 2009-2014 commercial activities of 64 Chinese major universities. The results showed: these universities could increase their efficiencies by one third of percent if all universities operate on the efficiency frontier; the results reveal that polytechnic universities are more efficient than other ones, universities with medical schools are more efficient than ones without. The paper concludes the MPI has gradually increased with non-linear paths. The evidence also indicates that the overall innovation efficiency is mainly subject to upstream research innovation process efficiency. The empirical results provides in-depth evidences of China’s academic commercialization inefficiency, and some managerial and policy implications for improving academic commercialization are suggested.