從「戰爭的記憶」到「記憶的戰爭」：宋澤萊、陳映真與目取真俊的二戰記憶書寫

Abstract

本文以宋澤萊〈最後的一場戰爭〉（1976）、陳映真〈忠孝公園〉（2001）與目取真俊〈水滴〉（1997）三篇小說中的二戰記憶書寫為題材，討論台灣與沖繩作家各自以何種立場介入東亞地區戰爭責任與戰後責任問題的爭議。本文主要探討的問題為：三篇小說當中的戰爭記憶書寫，分別呈現台灣與沖繩在戰爭與戰後責任議題上的何種歷史困境？與兩地在戰後的國族身分議題呈現何種交錯與糾葛？藉由對這些問題的對照討論，本文試圖思考台灣與沖繩作為東亞地區的「非國家」，如何建立具體連帶關係，共同抵抗以「國族」為名的戰爭與「戰後」暴力。將三篇小說放置於台灣與沖繩各自的歷史脈絡下，本文觀察到原台灣人日本兵與沖繩居民在與日本的戰爭與戰後責任爭議中，都必須強調自己在戰爭期間如何「作為日本人而戰」，使得他們在二戰期間身體受苦的戰爭體驗與記憶，面臨被日本國族敘事收編的危機。本文最後提出，原台灣人日本兵與沖繩居民作為國族身分「矛盾」與「錯亂」之歷史主體，其存在本身其實已經擾亂了「身體」、「國族」與「戰爭」的單一對應關係與邏輯，將「作為日本人而戰」的「身體」加以問題化，多重地挑戰著東亞的國族戰爭敘事與記憶政治學。同時，這些「非國家」身體挑戰東亞國族敘事的歷史能動性，也開啟了戰前被迫「作為日本人而戰」的原台灣人日本兵、戰後成為美軍基地「惡魔之島」的沖繩居民超越國族身分界線，與其他弱勢族裔人民「共有」戰爭的歷史經驗與創傷記憶，連帶抵抗以國族為名的戰爭與「戰後」暴力之可能性。

This paper deals with literary representations of memories of world war II in three novels, including Taiwanese writer Song Ze-Lai's ”The Last War” (1976), Chen Ying-Zhen's ”The Zhong-Xiao Park” (2001), and Okinawa writer Medoruma Shun's ”Droplet” (1997), exploring how Taiwanese and Okinawa writers intervene in the heated debates on war and postwar responsibility in East Asia. Through divergent writings of East Asian war memories and memory wars, how do these novels demonstrate the historical predicaments of Taiwan and Okinawa? How do the issues of war memories intersect and entangle with postwar national identities? Locating three literary texts in historical contexts, this paper analyzes the condition in which war memories of Taiwanese Japanese-soldiers and Okinawa inhabitants are in danger of being incorporated into Japan's national war narrative, as a consequence of emphasizing their contributions ”fighting as Japanese” in the debates of war and postwar responsibility. This paper argues that as ambivalent and confused historical subjects, the very existence of Taiwanese Japanese-soldiers and Okinawa inhabitants have disturbed the singular alignment of body, nationality, and war, and therefore problematize their bodies ”fighting as Japanese,” challenging national war narratives and politics of war memories in East Asia. Furthermore, the historical dynamics of these ”non-state” bodies also connect to the possibility for Taiwanese Japanese-soldiers and Okinawa inhabitants to cross national demarcations and share historical experiences and traumatic memories of war with other minority people, and work together to resist wartime and postwar violence in the name of nationalism.