論詮釋人類學的修辭轉向、當代批評與全球化挑戰

Abstract

本文闡述詮釋人類學的跨學科理論與文本修辭旨趣，試圖澄清當代批評者的論點和回應全球化之挑戰。詮釋人類學是一門關於人類學知識生產的應用詮釋學訓練，其修辭轉向一方面解構了民族誌書寫的主體性，另一方面則檢視民族誌寫作在道德疑慮上的自我懷疑和倫理批判。是故，詮釋人類學的修辭轉向開展了一條自我批判風格的反思路徑，並且藉自文學揭露了文化文本中原先認為微不足道的複雜認識與人類學家的文化感知，其中包括田野工作技藝、民族誌實踐和職權、人類學諷刺、寓言式的疊加意義等主題。同時，通過超現實主義民族誌在並置、拼貼與去熟悉化技術下所獲得的諷刺張力和去穩定性，使得描述資料以一種干擾的操作方式，凸顯其獨特的文化概念和社會價值。於是，詮釋人類學的修辭轉向，作為一項持續自身知識生產樣態的自我察覺，將有助於釐清全球化下有關異質性與同質性交混的文化多樣性。

This essay elucidates the cross-disciplinary appropriations of interpretive anthropology and its rhetoric interests, thereby responding to the current critical comments and the contemporary challenges of globalization. Drawing on the Geertzian initiation, interpretive anthropology, rather than a specialty or subdiscipline, is a hermeneutic discipline as a vehicle of meaning toward the very center of anthropological reproduction. The rhetorical turn of interpretive anthropology then comes to deconstruct the subjectivity of ethnographic writing, and to examine the authorial self-doubt on moral hypochondria in writing. Illuminated by the rhetoric perceptions in literatures, the interpretive anthropology therefore motivates self-reflexivity as an autocritique which shifts the methodological craft of fieldwork to a subject of ontology, reevaluates the authority of ethnographic writing, and reveals the idea of anthropological irony as well as the superimposed allegorical meanings. The ethnographic surrealism additionally reinforces the tension of irony and destabilization, by means of juxtaposition, collage and defamiliarization, thus challenging the stereotypically fixed understanding of cultural order and social values. The rhetorical turn of interpretive anthropology hence sheds light on the sensibility of cultural diversity undergoing globalization and the selfawareness during the production of ethnographic knowledge.