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dc.contributor.authorLiu, Heng-Juien_US
dc.contributor.authorJeng, U-Seren_US
dc.contributor.authorYamada, Norifumi L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSu, An-Chungen_US
dc.contributor.authorWu, Wei-Ruen_US
dc.contributor.authorSu, Chun-Jenen_US
dc.contributor.authorLin, Su-Jienen_US
dc.contributor.authorWei, Kung-Hwaen_US
dc.contributor.authorChiu, Mao-Yuanen_US
dc.date.accessioned2014-12-08T15:37:40Z-
dc.date.available2014-12-08T15:37:40Z-
dc.date.issued2011en_US
dc.identifier.issn1744-683Xen_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11536/25913-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sm06005hen_US
dc.description.abstractContrast variation of neutron and X-ray reflections has been adapted to reveal the film in-depth (vertical) composition profiles of the blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) for bulk heterojunction thin-film solar cells, with a PCBM/P3HT weight ratio of c = 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. The X-ray scattering-length-density (SLD) profiles, extracted from X-ray reflectivity for the blend films spun-cast on Si wafer, exhibit a stratified film morphology of ca. 85 nm film thickness; the corresponding neutron SLD profiles extracted for the same films further elucidate a PCBM-enriched interfacial layer adjacent to the Si substrate. In contrast to the often assumed two-phase model, a three-phase model with porosity included as the third phase has to be used in deducing the absolute volume fractions of PCBM and P3HT from the complementary neutron and X-ray SLD profiles. In general, the thus deduced in-depth composition profiles for the blend films comprise a substantial surface layer (10-15 nm) of ca. 40% porosity, a 50 nm main layer with relatively uniform PCBM-P3HT composition, and a PCBM-enriched interface layer (similar to 20 nm) with similar to 15% porosity. Formation of the surface porosity is related to interfacial instability occurred in a transient surface layer upon film drying. Annealing at 150 degrees C influences modestly the vertical phase separation of the film, but drastically activates local phase separation for formation and growth of PCBM and P3HT nanodomains, as revealed by grazing incidence small/wide angle X-ray scattering. The surface/interface porosity features (overlooked in nearly all the previous studies) and the composition-dependent vertical phase separation bear hints in advancing device performance via interfacial morphology optimization.en_US
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.titleSurface and interface porosity of polymer/fullerene-derivative thin films revealed by contrast variation of neutron and X-ray reflectivityen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1039/c1sm06005hen_US
dc.identifier.journalSOFT MATTERen_US
dc.citation.volume7en_US
dc.citation.issue19en_US
dc.citation.spage9276en_US
dc.citation.epage9282en_US
dc.contributor.department材料科學與工程學系zh_TW
dc.contributor.departmentDepartment of Materials Science and Engineeringen_US
dc.identifier.wosnumberWOS:000295085700072-
dc.citation.woscount10-
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