車輛綠色評量方法之建立

Abstract

車輛排氣是造成空氣污染及溫室氣體累積的重要原因之一。面對此課題，除了訂定更嚴格的管制標準，更應對新車進行綠色評量；政府部門雖有類似的評量，唯評量項目侷限於管轄項目或標準，且忽略車輛排氣對於環境的衝擊。國外雖曾以環境危害成本、消耗或污染總量等因子，評量車輛於製造及使用階段對於環境的影響程度，以作為綠色車輛評選依據，但這些方法及其所引用的數據與資訊並不適用於台灣地區。 本研究因而發展一套適用於國內車輛綠色評量程序及指標，研究方法包括車輛對環境影響分析、車輛綠色指標建立、車輛綠色綜合指標建立、車輛綠色評量等四大重點。依據車輛製造、使用、保養、棄置等四階段，分析各階段對於環境的影響程度，篩選適合的評量項目，包括能源消耗、空氣污染物、溫室氣體、材料、噪音等作為車輛綠色評量項目，且分別建立指標及計算方法。由於多項指標並不易用以比較不同車輛間的綠色評量結果，因而以資料包絡分析法及共同權重法建立車輛綜合綠色指標，以評量車輛對環境影響程度。本研究以台灣地區2005年7月至2006年6月間，銷售量前50%及強調環保節能之車型為案例進行車輛綠色評量，實際應用所建立綠色綜合指標進行車輛綠色評量，所建立的方法及指標預期可作為台灣地區主要車輛綠色評量之重要參考依據。

Vehicle exhaust emission is one of the major reasons to cause air pollution and greenhouse gas accumulation. In order to resolve these problems, in addition to establishing stringent standards, green rating of vehicles is an effective strategy. Although the government has implemented a similar vehicle rating, the items considered are primarily adopted from administrative standards, and major factors such as the environmental impacts induced from vehicle exhaust emissions were not assessed. In other countries, several vehicle green rating methods have been made available, with the environmental impacts from vehicle production and usage stages and factors such as environmental damage cost, resource consumption, and pollution quantity being evaluated. However, these methods are not applicable in Taiwan because data availability and some local characteristics are significantly different. This study had thus developed a domestic green vehicle rating method. The method includes four major steps: analyzing various environmental impacts of vehicle, establishing green indexes, developing an aggregate green indicator, and applying the aggregate indicator to evaluate major vehicles used in Taiwan. The environmental impacts from the four stages of vehicle production, use, maintenance, and scrap were analyzed. Evaluation items such as energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas, material, waste, and noise were included, and the approach for computing the index associated to each item was formulated. Since it is not easy to make the vehicle comparison by multiple green indices, the Data Envelopment Analysis and Common Weight methods were used to develop an aggregate indicator. Vehicle models selected for this study were made between July-2005 and June-2006 and their total sold volume was over 50 % of the Taiwan market. The developed aggregate indicator was applied to these vehicle models and its applicability for green vehicle evaluation was demonstrated and discussed. The proposed method and indicator are expected to facilitate the green rating analysis of major vehicles in Taiwan.