國家競爭力與產學合作：以芬蘭、瑞典、丹麥為例

Abstract

全球化與知識經濟促使全球經濟模式逐漸由資源密集型產業轉變為知識密集型產業。面對此一轉變，大學不僅要扮演知識傳遞者與創造者的角色，更需為國家創新系統中一重要的社會創新研發單位，擔負起增進國家創新能量之責，日漸與產業在教學、研究與服務上有密切的合作與互動。近年如芬蘭、瑞典和丹麥等蕞爾小國透過大量投資教育與創新研發，整合國家內外部資源與人力來建構其國家創新系統，因而在WEF和IMD等國際評比組織中獲得良好之國家競爭力排名。本研究係利用理論分析法、文件分析法和歷史研究法，從國家競爭力的角度探討芬蘭、瑞典與丹麥三國之產學合作，分析北歐三國產學合作模式之發展與其國家競爭力之關係，並綜合研究結果為我國以產學合作提升國家競爭力提出具體可行之建議與參考。

研究結果顯示北歐三國乃是以開放的態度，在政府政策的支持下加強產學合作之基礎建設，建立自由創新的環境，提供增進產學合作的相關中介機構，鼓勵大學與產業在教學、研究與服務等方面進行交流與合作，強化知識的創新、擴散、流通，藉以增強其國家創新能量。然卻因產學合作產出和應用之不可計量性、研究上的限制與教育難以在短時間看到成效等原因，而無法說明產學合作與國家競爭力之間的關係。我國若欲參考芬蘭、瑞典和丹麥三國以產學合作來提升國家競爭力，本研究建議應先建立國家整體發展願景，訂定明確支援產學合作之相關政策和中介機構，並因應產業的需求進行大學課程的統整。此外，後續研究則可加強產學合作與國家競爭之相關中介變項和我國產學合作之情境脈絡之探討，以俾進一步了解產學合作對我國國家競爭力促進之可能性。

The thesis primarily concentrates on national competitiveness and university-industry collaboration, with studies of Finland, Sweden and Denmark. As the coming of globalization and knowledge-based economy, universities not only have to play an important role in creating and delivering knowledge, but also a R&D institution in National Innovation Systems. Therefore, universities have interacted with industry more frequently in the aspects of teaching, research and service. Recently, some small countries like Finland, Sweden and Denmark have built up their National Innovation Systems with greater investment in education and R&D, together with resource integration to improve their position in the WEF and IMD national competitiveness rankings. The thesis employs qualitative method to analyze the development of University-Industry collaboration in Finland, Sweden and Denmark, the relationship between the University-Industry collaboration in the three Nordic countries, and the consequent changes in their national competitiveness rankings to provide useful suggestions to Taiwan's related policies.

The findings of this study reassert that the open attitude and support of relevant policies from Finland, Sweden and Denmark did help to construct University-Industry collaboration infrastructure and innovative environment, provide University-Industry collaboration intermediaries, and encourage universities to cooperate with industry in teaching, research and service. Thus, the three Nordic countries improved production, diffusion and interaction of knowledge, and enhanced their National Innovation Systems. Due to research limitations, the causal relationships between University-Industry collaboration and national competitiveness ware not fully explored. The research suggests that Taiwan should enlarge its country visions, conduct University-industry collaboration policy and intermediaries, and offer interdisciplinary education. Effects brought by intervening variable on University-Industry collaboration and national competitiveness remain for future exploration. Future research may hopefully discuss how to enhance national competitiveness by university-industry collaboration in Taiwan.