公共工程流標影響因子之探討

Abstract

國內公共工程在民國九十七年一至六月間經歷大幅流標的情況，推估其原因，多數人士皆認為是因為原物料價格上漲，廠商認為成本風險難以掌控，加上主辦機關預算金額編列不足，使得廠商投標意願低落所致。但實際上導致工程流標的原因眾多，加上原物料大漲導致的流標情形，也屬於特殊情事之一，並無法完全說明公共工程的流標影響因素。

因此本研究藉由文獻回顧以及案例探討方式，列出公共工程可能的流標影響因子，其中文獻部分，回顧關於標價、工程採購、以及招標風險相關之文獻；而案例探討部分，分析兩案例的流標原因，案例A為交通工程，包含數個車站以及高架車道部分，工程流標次數九次，工程預算為一百零七億新台幣；案例B為建築工程，結構體為地下三層地上十二層，工程流標次數五次，工程預算為七億一千三百萬新台幣。之後再藉由專家問卷方式(德爾菲法)，評估各因子的得分以及權重排序，以及專家群對於某些因子不認同之原因，最後彙整整體專家意見找出關鍵的公共工程流標影響因子分別為，「工程施工困難度」、「預算是否合理」、「業主方面特殊要求」、「投資的風險」、「原物料價格」、「工期」、「專案地點」、「設計圖說」、「可運用的設備或材料資源」、「業主能力」、「契約條文是否公平合理」。最後建議若工程不斷面臨流標的狀況，應視個案情況，參考本研究所研擬之流標影響因子，應可給予機關作為解決流標情況的思考起端，並視因子變更招標條件。

There occurred quite a great deal of failed bids for domestically public infrastructure works from January to June in 2008. Most people believed that it was due to the price rise of construction materials while contractors believed cost and risk was hard to control. Furthermore, allocated budget by the government was insufficient, and therefore there is a very low willingness of winning the bid for contractors. But in actual fact there are several reasons to why the bids failed. A price rise of construction materials is also a unique situation worth an attention. However, all these reasons cannot fully interpret the reasons why bids fail for public construction.

This research is therefore aimed to explore and present the probable factors that cause failed bids for public infrastructure works via review study on relevant documents, writings and cases. The review of documents will specifically focus on tendering, engineering purchases, and bidding risk while the case study will take on two typical bidding cases to explore why they were failed. Case A concerns the bid for traffic construction works, which involves several bus stations and overpass traffic lane. The tender with a budget of 10.7 billion NT Dollars failed 9 times. Case B concerns the bid for construction works, which involves the infrastructure comprising 3 floors under the ground and 12 floors above the ground. The tender with a budget of 713 million NT Dollars failed 5 times. Through expert questionnaire (Delphi technique) investigation, the author tries to grade various factors and take their priority order based on their weight, taking into account the reasons of expert group’s disagreement on certain factors. Finally, this research has summarized the factors that cause the failed bids for public infrastructure works as follows: “the difficulty of construction works,” “whether the budget is reasonable and sufficient,” “special requirements by the relevant government agency,” “investment risk,” “the price of construction materials,” “construction timespan,” “project location,” “design and blueprint,” “available facilities, materials or resources,” “the capability of relevant government agency,” and “whether the provisions in the contract are reasonable and appropriate.” In all, the research proposes the recommendations as follows: faced with continuously failed tenders for public infrastructure works, the relevant government agencies in charge ought to take account of the factors summarized by this research that caused failed bids in the past, and adjust and change their bidding requirements depending on individual projects.