金融機構管理者對中小企業之放款決策探討

Abstract

銀行與金融機構放款予申貸企業前須衡量其信用風險，然可用以評估企業體質的變數眾多，在中、外文獻中並無一致的建議。除此之外，在實務上金融機構的申貸案件通常是依借款金額大小而由具不同審查權限的授信人員批核，而各階層之授信人員對各變數之重視程度也可能不同。本研究以中小企業為放款對象的金融機構的授信人員為研究對象，擷取其在決定對中小企業的放款決策時所考量之因素，並進一步分析各因素間的相對重要性。本研究首先以整理文獻與訪談實際從事企業金融授信人員的方式，歸納整理出實務上金融機構在評估中、小企業的放款風險時所考量的因素，再運用層級結構之概念將各因素分類，並設計問卷，交由金融機構的授信人員填寫。本研究利用層級分析法分析所回收之問卷資料，並深入探討授信人員對這些因素的偏好程度，將各變數的主觀判斷量化為權重。本研究將所設計的問卷交由台灣某專門從事中小企業貸款之金融機構授信人員填寫，在案例分析後得到以下結論：該金融機構授信決策者最重視中小企業的償債能力、公司領導者與管理階層的素質、企業本身財務結構與會計制度以及企業來往客戶的評價；且研究發現不同管理階層之決策者對企業能力要求確有不同，建議未來建立風險評估模式與信用評等模型時，可將權重結果代入資料，並針對案件批核層級建立多個風險評估或信用評等模型，增加模型產出結果之參考價值。

Banks and financial institutions have to evaluate their applicants’ credit risks before granting loans. However, the number of possible variables to assessing applicants’ credit is numerous. There has not been any firm conclusion found in literature as of the choice of assessing variables. In practice, loan applications are usually approved by different credit officers in accordance with the loan amounts. However, different credit officers might put different emphasis on assessing variables. This study examines the decision factors affecting credit officers’ loan decisions in financial institutions whose borrowers are mainly small- and medium-sized enterprises. Base on literature and the results concluded from interviewing field experts, this study summarized the variables that could be included in assessing enterprises’ credit risk. The concept of hierarchical structure was applied to classify these factors and a questionnaire was constructed and distributed to be filled out by credit officers. Using analytic hierarchy process to analyze the data collecting from credit officers, this study explored their preference on the decision variables and assigned weights to these variables based on these preferences. This study conducted a survey targeted at credit officers in a Taiwanese financial institution and found that the credit officers in that financial institution value solvency、leadership of management、corporate financial structure and the accounting system、and customers’ evaluation most. The study also found that the credit officers at different management levels do have different viewpoints toward the importance of these assessing variables. Base on the finding of this study, it is suggested that financial institutions could consider to associate different weights with different assessing variables and use multiple credit-rating models in accordance with different level of credit officers.