建築材料煙毒性測試基準研究

Abstract

本研究係應用美國建築研究所(NIBS)所發展的材料燃燒煙毒性測 試設備，針對五種不同的材料，以靜態模式環境瞭解其經燃燒後有害 氣體生成的情形，並分別加以比對。有害氣體之毒性分析分別為化學 成份分析及生物(大白鼠)生理分析。 完全以PVC為外覆之電線，實驗中以25KW/m2的入射能量來模擬閃 燃發生前的材料受熱條件予以加熱，該試體在加熱後約400∼600秒內 開始引燃且發生激烈燃燒；此時，高濃度之一氧化碳生成量是導致生 物致死的主因。結構經過處理的XLPE電纜材料(PVC外覆+PX內層結構) 在整個加熱過程中，皆僅僅處於裂解的狀態，此時酸性氣體的高產生 量為主要毒性的生成因素。經由觀察期後之病理切片顯示，雖然生物 實驗中之白鼠全數存活，但其器官已出現明顯之損傷，屬慢性長期之 傷害。此外，由於低煙無毒電纜材料之延遲發泡焦化特性，使得在實 驗過程中，其僅僅處於輕微裂解的狀態，且HCl氣體之劑量亦很低(加 熱600秒後，其生成量小於500ppm)。 以木絲、玻璃纖維與保麗龍填充物所構成的材料在實驗中之引燃 時間為90秒，並且在180秒時測試箱已佈滿黑煙。以塑膠合成皮、泡 棉組成的沙發材料除了有大量的一氧化碳外，氰酸、二氧化硫等有 害氣體產物亦有很高的劑量被偵測到。 最後，本研究針對未來有關的研究發展以及可能試驗方法和判定基準 作一適當的建議。

This thesis aims at investigating the toxicity contents of combustion products for five different materials by means of toxic potency measurement apparatus developed by "NIBS" (National Institute of Building Science of U.S.). Rats were used for conducting biolgoical experiments. the slides of cells, including lung and liver, were taken for inspecting the damage of organs after the experimental test and a subsequent 14-day observation period. Furthermore, the measurements of toxic gases composition using gas detective reaction tube and gas analyser were made and compared with the biological test results. During the experiment, the radiant burner provides 25 kW/m2 power output in order to simulate the preflashover stage of a fire, the total exposure time for rats is 30 minutes, the gas concentration produced by the specimens is controlled bythe radiant heating time. The result shows that the PVC cable wire presents high amount of toxic gases such as CO, HC1,a nd the generation of CO gas dominates the total toxic potency. The cable wire with PVC covering and PX insulation didn't ignite during hte test, and the toxic potency is mainly dominated by HC1 gas. the "LSOH" (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) cable covering material are also tested. It presents better results in generation of irritant gases. In addition, the materials of common sofa and wood decoration sampled from "Big diamond KTV fire accident" are also chosen in the experiments, which presents complicated toxic effects. At last, some suggestion of test methods and toxic poentcy assessment standard are provided int he thesis.