傳統與平埔文化復振運動—以噶瑪蘭族與凱達格蘭族為例

Abstract

本文借用霍布斯邦(Eric Hobsbawm)對於傳統的創發(invention of traditions)，以及巴斯(Fredrik Barth)所主張的族群邊界(ethnic boundary)理論，來觀察在噶瑪蘭族與凱達格蘭族的族群文化復振運動之中，當傳統做為一種運動策略與族群邊界的時候，族群內部以及內外部之間成員互動的情形。本文將指出，儘管這兩族之間因為漢化程度、族群成員鬆散程度不一而形成不同的運動策略，但是兩個族群在運用傳統文化或是文化傳統來恢復族群文化與回復族群認同的過程中，族群成員內部之間以及內外部的互動均是讓此種運用傳統的運動策略能夠有效帶領文化復振運動的原因。因此，本文想藉由這兩族族群文化復振運動的比較，一方面補充噶瑪蘭族復振運動的觀察，另一方面針對凱達格蘭族復振運動做出更深入的分析。

本文分為四章。第一章將大略描述本文的架構與田野背景，並且在文獻回顧的部分會將族群理論中關於族群意識來源的探討做整理分析，再輔以台灣與西方的例子來探討傳統在文化復振運動之中的情況。

第二章則是以噶瑪蘭族的部分進行探討，這部份將以族群的族語教育、藝術的表演與文字藝術創作者權威，以及運動中後設的(metaphysical)組織統合力量做為探討的對象。這些傳統之所以能引領整個族群運動是因為在型塑的過程之中，是以族群內部及族群內外部之間的互動做為基礎，而發起族群復振運動。

第三章的部分則是以凱達格蘭族為探討對象，在這個章節的分析將放在族群的族名、族群文化遺址遺跡，以及分散的族群力量，這三個傳統除了與噶瑪蘭族的三個傳統成為對比而可供觀察差異之外，卻也歸納出與前一章相同的關鍵因素—族群內部以及內外部之間的互動，才是讓到目前為止凱達格蘭族族群運動得以進行的原因。

第四章的部分則是首先將本文當中提到的兩個族群利用傳統來進行文化復振的策略進行比較，指出其差異點以及相似點，而最後再總結本文。

This thesis tries to explore the interactions among the ethnic members and between members and nonmembers, when traditions are taken as the movement strategies and ethnic boundaries in the Kavalan and Ketagalan cultural revival movements. This thesis will adopt the notions “invention of tradition” by Eric Hobsbawm and “ethnic boundary” by Fredrik Barth. This thesis will indicate that although these ethnic groups adopt different strategies due to the various degrees of loss of indigenous culture and of unity of ethnic members, the intra-group and inter-group interactions are the similar, crucial trait for either group successfully to revive their ethnic culture and to arouse ethnic identity while they are using traditional culture/ cultural traditions as their strategies. Therefore, this thesis hopes to, with the comparisons and contrasts between Kavalan and Ketagalan, complement the observations in the Kavalan cultural revival movements on the one hand, and to further analyze the Ketagalana cultural revival movements on the other. The thesis will be elaborated in four chapters. The first chapter will briefly describe the structure of the thesis and the background of field study. Besides, the literature reviews will analyze traditions in the cultural revival movements with the theories of ethnicity formation and similar examples in Taiwan and other regions. The second chapter will focus on the Kavalan traditions, including the mother-tongue education, the artistic performances, the authorities of the word-makers and artists, and the metaphysical collectivity. The reason why these traditions can arouse the ethnic identity and revive the ethnic culture is that their formations depend on the interactions among members and between members and nonmembers. The third chapter will turn to the Ketagalan traditions. Our foci are the ethnic title, the cultural heritages and ancient relics, and the separate labor for identity striving. Aside from the contrasts between traditions of either group, this chapter also proposes the similar reason discussed in the former chapter to make the movements attractive to members and nonmembers as to earn more recognition and to arouse ethnic identity. The final chapter will first compare the traditions as movement strategies of either group to revive ethnic culture and to arouse ethnic identity, and then sum up the differences and similarities. Finally, there lies the conclusion of the thesis.