《孫子兵法》論述結構及其現代管理意涵之研究

Abstract

《孫子兵法》成書二千五百多年來，一直受到古今中外之政治界、軍事界、學術界、實務界各界人士的一致推崇。究其因，乃因其兼具理念啟發及實踐指導的雙重價值。因此，對鑽研管理思想的現代學者，以及從事管理實務的企業經營者，《孫子兵法》都能提供有價值的啟發，是一本值得研究者進行現代應用研究的經典古籍。然而現今有關《孫子兵法》的應用研究，研究者沒有深入探究孫子的思維脈絡及邏輯，根據孫子對戰爭的基本觀點，及《孫子兵法》篇章意旨間的關係，提出孫子論述主旨及論點的假設與前提，進而定義適於援用《孫子兵法》的範圍。是以《孫子兵法》的應用研究雖量多類豐，但應用研究的成果無法用以證明《孫子兵法》內容應用於非軍事領域的有效性。 因此，對《孫子兵法》之類、思維體系已大略清晰的古籍之應用，要以包含創作基本觀點、作品各篇章意旨的關係、以及作品主旨及論點的假設與前提之『古籍論述結構』為核心，定義現代援用古籍知識的範圍，以克服不同時代、不同性質的知識移用時，應用環境差異與應用問題性質差異的困擾。但呈現古籍作者思維脈絡的古籍論述結構，通常是隱含於字裡行間。是以，本研究為妥適導引《孫子兵法》的現代應用，乃研擬「搜尋論述結構的創造性轉換法」來處理《孫子兵法》，構建包含“孫子對戰爭的基本觀點”、“《孫子兵法》篇章意旨關係”、及“非軍事領域援用《孫子兵法》的注意事項”的《孫子兵法》論述結構。 《孫子兵法》論述結構中，“篇章意旨關係”以全書主旨、全書篇次構造、篇章主旨、篇章內容意旨構造、及篇章內容細目等五個層級來重新表達《孫子兵法》的意旨內容。根據“篇章意旨關係”的詮解，《孫子兵法》一書旨在闡述戰爭的基本原理，全書共有進入戰爭狀態的條件與能力分析、戰爭規劃、戰役規劃、戰場上的用兵與應變、及情報的蒐集等五大論述觀點。《孫子兵法》十三篇依序以｛國家整體戰鬥力的評估、戰爭所需資源之支持能力的評估、戰爭型態的選擇評估｝、｛開戰條件的具備、確保戰爭勝利的基本條件與基本策略｝、｛作戰時的用兵策略、兵力佈署之原則及運用、兵力靈活機變調整原則｝、｛戰場上軍隊部署原則及軍隊動向的觀察與判斷、戰場上決定交戰勝負的準則、戰場上保有作戰機變的重要、關鍵致命毀滅性力量的使用｝、｛情報的重要性與間的運用｝，說明前述五個論述觀點的內容。 為輔助援用者更易於融合孫子的管理理念與其所學的現代管理知識及自身的經營經驗，以更能適切靈活地援用《孫子兵法》來經營組織的發展，本研究深入整理與分析《孫子兵法》中，有關組織經營者、戰略與戰術、規畫與執行、資訊等與現代管理思想相似卻又獨特的論述觀點。孫子對戰略與戰術的論述，是以戰略為主、以戰術來落實戰略，孫子強調戰略與戰術結合、戰略戰術的協調性與相對性，因此，戰略與戰術能發揮效用的關鍵在戰略與戰術的配套。同樣地，孫子也強調規劃與執行必須能連結，需由執行面的資源條件與環境限制來思考與進行規劃，如此規劃才能落實，執行才有目標。對於組織經營者的職責與作為的論述，孫子強調經營者的主要職責為領導組織進行與環境及競爭對手的互動。至於情報的蒐集與使用，孫子揭櫫情報蒐集的目的在「先知」，是經由情報蒐集管道的佈建，及“人”來取得關鍵特定的情報，來預見事物情境的發展變化，以趨吉避凶。 根據上述的研究結果，涵括孫子對戰爭的基本觀點、《孫子兵法》篇章意旨關係、非軍事領域援用《孫子兵法》的注意事項的《孫子兵法》論述結構，確能呈現孫子的思維脈絡，凸顯孫子的思想精髓，促進《孫子兵法》的現代應用。

The critical difficult of applying knowledge written in paleography to modern management is that the application environment and the structure of application problem have changed. But the researchers have rarely explored the premises and assumptions of argumentation in paleography and defined the application scope of the knowledge from paleography, according to the thinking logic presented in the paleography, then to claim their applications were reasonable and meaningful. Therefore, this research proposes the concept of "The Narrative Structure of Paleography," that include the basic points of view of the text, the logic of the context and argumentation, the premises and assumptions of argumentation, as the core of application research of paleography. This research also proposes "The Creative Transformation Approach for Seeking the Narrative Structure of paleography" to construct the underlying structure of concepts of paleographic author from the concepts that explicitly presented in paleography. After the transformation by "The Creative Transformation Approach for Seeking the Narrative Structure of paleography," this research proposes the narrative structure of Suntzu*s "The Art of War," which contains 11 basic points of view on war of Suntzu, the logic of context and argumentation of Suntzu*s "The Art of War," and 7 restrictions when applying Suntzu*s "The Art of War" to non-military field. According to the narrative structure of Suntzu*s "The Art of War," the text was in describing the basic theory of war. It contained 13 chapters which sequentially elaborated five argumentation: the evaluation of the ability to enter the state of war, war planning, battle planning, the military operations and adaptation of change in battle, and the information collection. This research also discusses some management related concepts of Suntzu, such as chief executive officer, strategy and tactics, planning and implementation, and information. The core of the text was strategy, but the critical factor of fulfilling the effectiveness of strategy was in the coordination of strategy and tactics. In the same logic, planning should coordinate with implementation, planning should base on the condition of resources and the environmental constrains in implementation. As to the duties of chief executive officer, Suntzu emphasized that the main duty of CEO is to lead organization to interact with the environment and the competitors. Concerning the collection and use of information, the purpose of information collection is to predict the change and development of events and environment to avoid impending trouble and seek good luck, and the person is the main channel to get particular and critical information.