科學與藝術在理論概念上整合之研究 — 以「熵」及「信息」概念探討物理科學與視覺藝術上之「有序」與「無序」現象

Abstract

回顧過去，文藝復興時期藝術與科學的緊密結合創造了前所未有的輝煌成就。隨著人類知識分工愈細，藝術與科學間似乎有著愈難以突破的藩籬。近代相關思潮與運動主張科技與人文、藝術結合，但就概念而言，科技包括科學與技術，而目前此主張的實踐主要在運用新的科技或媒材於藝術創作上，但科學的概念內涵本身卻少有與藝術創作或理論相結合。 基於本研究者的研究背景與研究興趣，本研究的動機乃在於：期望能藉此基礎的研究試著將科學與藝術間的距離拉近，甚至引起隨後之研究者或創作者的注意與興趣，使得兩個領域間的許多具有創造力的概念得以互相交融。研究的目的並不在於消除科學與藝術間的差異，而在使科學和藝術兩方面之研究與創作者增進對彼此概念上的瞭解，以增進彼此發展與創作空間。 由於藝術與科學在基本的理論與外在的表徵上並不相同，若要就兩者間的關係進行探討，甚至論及兩者間是否有怎樣的概念和原則是可以互通的？這樣的研究必須基於哲學的邏輯基礎與合理的概念整合推論。如此才能在不同的面向來討論此二者間的關係，而所引用的理論也必須具有概念以及外延時的合理性。 就研究的性質而言，本研究乃是一針對物理科學與視覺藝術間概念關係的質性研究，研究的方法與步驟採用紮根理論的譯碼步驟。由於此範圍十分廣泛，故在研究的初期本研究者廣泛地蒐集相關的文獻資料以進行紮根理論質性研究上的開放性譯碼，目的在瞭解在這方面目前已有之研究方向與範疇，以及尋找一特定主軸來進行深入探討。 接下來的研究階段，對第一階段開放性譯碼所得範疇進行分析與評估，基於研究者個人的興趣與背景研究，決定以物理科學及視覺藝術上有關「熵」的一些共通性質來做主軸譯碼，但於該時並未設定任何結果，而是分別蒐集物理科學及視覺藝術上有關「熵」的相關理論，在理論發展的過程中找尋共通的性質來做分析。 在文獻解析中獲得本研究主軸題目 — 物理科學與視覺藝術上「有序」與「無序」的現象探討 — 之後，在研究本文的部分引用「信息理論」來作為連結兩者概念的「橋樑」，此部分在研究步驟中即為「選擇性譯碼」的部分。在理論的推導之後，接著本研究者引用一探討電腦平面藝術作品至信息率的量化研究結果來作為最後將理論紮根的佐證。 最後，根據本研究的結果：物理科學與視覺藝術上的「有序」與「無序」現象可以信息理論作為概念整合研究的橋樑，本研究在相關討論的部分以不同的角度和層面探討了三個相關研究主題，分別為：「視覺生理上的探討」、「由歷史的宏觀角度來看科學與藝術發展上的有序與無序」、及「由有序與無序的角度來看設計與學術研究思考的歷程」。

In Renaissance, the solid combination of art and science created a an extraordinary achievement. However, since human knowledge became more and more specialized, the gap between art and science has become larger and larger. Many modern trends and movements stand for that science, humanity and art should be joined together, but up to now, this idea has only been carried out through the way of applying new technology and media on the work of art. Except for this, the concepts of science are seldom being associated with works of art or theories of art. Based on the researcher’s background and personal interest, the study is aimed to fill the gap between art and science, to draw the attention and arouse the interest of other researchers or creators, and to mingle many creative concepts from these two fields. The aim of this study is not to eliminate the difference between art and science, but to increase the mutual understanding between the researchers and creators in these two fields, and furthermore, to enlarge the room for development and creation of both art and science. Art and science are different in their basic theories and their appearances. If we intend to study the relationship between them, or even to discuss if they are similar in some of their concepts, then this study must be philosophically logical and be reasonable in its concept integration. In this way, we can discuss their relationship in different dimensions, and moreover, the theory we employ must allow the extension of concepts and be reasonable when concepts extend. This study is a qualitative research on the relationship between physics science and visual art, and the research method and process of this study are based on the coding steps from the “grounding theory.” This study covers a wide research category, therefore, the researcher collects many relevant references in order to get a better understanding of former studies, so as to find a specific subject for further research. Thus, the first part of this study is the result of open coding. In the second phase of the study, the researcher analyze and evaluate the result of the open coding. Due to the personal interest and research background, the researcher decided to discuss the common qualities between physics science and visual art in terms of “entropy” as axial coding. In fact, the researcher doesn’t draw any conclusion in this part, just collects some theories about “entropy” to find out common qualities between physics science and visual art in the process of theory development. After obtaining the main axial for this study—a study on the “order” and “disorder” in physics science and visual art, the researcher employs “information theory” as the bridge for connecting the concepts of physics science and visual art. This is the so-called “selective coding” in research steps. After analyzing the theory, the researcher adopts a work of computer art and a qualitative result of the “Information Rate” research in supporting the points that has been made in this study. Finally, according to the result of this study, the concepts about the “order” and “disorder” in physics science and visual art can be connected by the “information rate”. And the part of discussion provides three related research topics from different points of view and different dimensions.