航空公司考慮噪音收費之網路配置與機場噪音收費績效評估

Abstract

航空運輸的發展大量縮短了旅行成本與旅行時間，但是相對的也增加了噪音外部成本，機場透過噪音收費管制徵收航機噪音費，以期內部化環境成本，而此將對航空公司成本與本身網路結構產生影響。過去對於航空公司因應機場噪音收費的研究，除Nero and Black (1998)以解析性的方法分析探討航空公司面臨機場噪音管制，其餘大部分研究都僅以經濟理論探討機場徵收噪音費對航空公司航線及班機頻次的影響，尚未有結合網路模式與經濟理論之研究方法應用於航空噪音議題中者。航空公司擁有不同機型組合的機隊，由於不同的機型具有不同的排放污染量，所以航空公司在進行機型的選擇時，須考慮對環境管制之因應；再者，越擁塞的機場其徵收的環境費越高，航空公司因應這些飛抵航點成本的不同，將可能重置其飛行頻率，而重新規劃其航空網路。 本研究就航空公司成本最小化目標下，探討不同的噪音收費管制措施，對航空公司之最適網路型態、航線頻次與機型選擇之影響，並透過機場多目標評估，檢驗不同的噪音收費管制政策對機場多目標追求達成之效率性。本研究以解析性方法，構建航空公司的成本函數，在最小化成本目標下，應用網路模式探討航空公司在噪音收費管制下所做的最佳航線與航班頻次及機型選擇。進一步，本研究深入分析不同的噪音收費管制，針對不同的噪音收費方式，探討不同的成本內部化後對航空公司營運成本的增加，了解航空公司因應不同的噪音收費方式，對其航線與航班機型及頻次選擇的影響。由於各機型排放污染量不同，航空公司因應噪音管制之航線機型與頻次選擇將會影響機場總環境污染量，進一步透過污染函數的計算可評估機場執行噪音管制策略對總污染量變化之影響，並藉由機場周圍居民福利變動、機場營運成本與營運收入，建立機場評估不同噪音收費管制政策之多目標評估模式。 本研究透過範例分析闡明模式之實證應用與價值，結果顯示航空公司可透過部分機型與頻次組合的改變以因應機場控制噪音增加之收費，而軸心機場徵收噪音費亦可能影響航空公司選擇轉運點之決策，若軸心機場徵收噪音費使得航空公司選擇直航替代轉運航線，將使社會成本、機場利潤以及機場一週降落總頻次長期有明顯的下降的趨勢，若航空公司趨向使用較大型的機型配合較少的頻次飛行因應機場噪音收費的調漲，將使得社會成本增加，機場降落費設定之高低，另機場降落費的設定亦將影響噪音收費對社會成本控制的效率。本研究成果可檢驗不同的噪音收費管制政策在管制者與航空公司交互作用下，對航空公司最適飛行網路配置與機場目標達成之影響，所發展的模式在實務上可供航空公司面對噪音收費作網路規劃時之決策參考，亦可提供機場管制單位研擬噪音管制策略之參考。

The continued growth of air transportation has decreased dramatically the travel cost and travel time. However, it also has generated tremendous noise pollution at major airports around the world. Therefore, the noise charge has been generally introduced at major airports in order to internalize noise externalities. In response to airport levy, airlines may adjust network structure to alleviate its impacts on their operation costs. Previous literature on airline network design usually downplayed noise externality. Nero and Black(1998) focused on the environmental externalities using a conceptual spatial model and addressed the environmental impacts related to extensive hubbing. Others discussed the impacts of airport noise charge on airline flight frequencies, aircraft choices and routing policy by using economic concepts and case studies. However, no literature has combined network model and economic theory to formulate theoretical models on analyzing airline network adjustment in response to airport noise levy. Different airports usually levy various aircraft noise fee according to aircraft types and airport noise budget. So airlines may redesign its network structure and alter flight frequencies and aircraft types considering noise charge. This research aims to explore different airport noise charge policies, to investigate the airline network design considering aircraft noise charge, and to analyze the performance of airport noise charge policy from multiple perspectives. The study identifies airline cost function and formulates an airline network design model by minimizing airline operating cost to determine the optimal air routes and flight frequencies and aircraft types in response to airport noise charge. Furthermore, the study discusses the context of several noise charge policies, and investigates the impact of these policies on airline costs and network structure. Since airlines’ decisions on aircraft routes and flight frequencies in response to the airport noise charge will influence the footprint of pollution around each airport node. Therefore, the study further uses equivalent steady sound level to quantify aircraft noise and to assess airport noise charge performance. Furthermore, the study formulates a multiobjective model to assess the performance of different noise charge policies by evaluating changes in airport operation costs and operation revenues, the welfare of airport residents nearby, and the operation cost of regulated airlines. An empirical example illustrates the application and usefulness of the model. The results show that airlines may change aircraft routes and flight frequencies in response to the airport noise charge. The hub airport noise fee also may influence airlines’ network decision. If most of airlines incline to use bigger aircrafts and fewer frequencies in response to the airport noise charge, the social cost caused by airport noise will decrease. Finally, airport landing fee setting will influence the extent of noise charge on controlling social costs. It is envisaged that the results of the developed models not only shed light on airline network design and airport noise policy literatures, but also provide guidance on network adjustment for airlines in response to noise charge and on airport noise charge policy assessment for airport authority.