考慮碳排成本之複合運輸運具與路線規劃

Abstract

近二十年來，由於貨運量的提升以及貨櫃化的發明，運輸業者開始結合多種運具以完成運輸行為，透過整合不同運輸方式的優點，使得運輸行為達到安全、效率、減碳的契機，複合運輸也因此因應而生。 大部分關於複合運輸的文獻多為最佳化的問題，用於最小化物流成本或是最大化顧客滿意度等等，而複合運輸所產生的碳排放量卻很少考慮到。然而運輸產業碳排放量高，為了規範碳排放量的增加，許多國家以及組織也紛紛想辦法節能減碳，像是碳稅與碳市場交易等等，而貨運業者也須在追求利潤的同時也須考慮到減少碳排放量。 為了提高複合運輸營運者運輸決策的可行性與科學性，本研究建立一個複合運輸路網模型，以複合運輸貨運營運者為研究對象，考慮內陸卡車、火車、船舶、飛機等多種運輸方式，運輸的範圍為陸運、海運、空運，應用運輸網路分析方法，建構貨運業者的貨物配送運具與路線規劃，假設貨運需求量、起訖點已知且貨物運價固定，貨櫃在運輸途中不拆櫃，以決定總營運成本最小之最佳貨運路線與運具組合，而相較於對於一般性的複合運輸貨運路徑問題，總成本為運輸成本、轉運成本與超時處罰成本外，本研究更將碳排放成本也納入總成本的考量中，透過構建複合運輸路網，以總運輸成本最小為最佳化目標，在一定的時間下完成複合運輸合理路徑的選擇與最佳化。最後，研究結果顯示，碳排成本的提高將會促使業者使用能源密集度較低之運具，但因為排碳係數較低之運具行駛速度也較低，所以會使得總運輸時間變長。

For two decade, container has been invented and freight demand has grown dramatically. As intermodal transport is more attractive in terms of energy, efficiency, external costs and may help reduce congestion problems on the road, it receives attention on several policy levels. Intermodal transport is becoming a popular way to transport containers. Most of literatures is about how to minimize logistic cost and maximize customers satisfied. Seldom consider the carbon emissions which are generated by transport modes. In this study, a model for minimize the total cost under the consideration of transport costs between nodes, transfer costs for mode change, penalty cost for excess limit time, carbon cost for transport mode. In the process of container intermodal transport is how to select a reasonable transport routes and optimal combination of modes to minimize the total cost within the expected transportation period is the problem needed to be solved. Assumptions that we already know the demand and OD pair, cargo volume between two nodes can’t be divided, mode changes take place only in the nodes, every node can meet the requirements of the mode changes. The result shows that when carbon tax increase, intermodal transport operators will choose low carbon emissions mode such as ship and train. And that will cause total transport time increase. When time limit become shorter, operators will choose fast transport mode such as airplane that will increase transport cost and carbon cost.