聆聽（不到的）「二二八」： Eric Clarke音樂知覺生態論與2008年《以愛重生》音樂會

Abstract

實證式音樂研究易將意義限制於文本的囹圄之中，忽略了音樂的脈絡；所謂新音樂學的研究卻常被各種意識形態綁架，相對忽略了音樂本身。Eric Clarke在Ways of Listening: An Ecological Approach to the Perception of Musical Meaning (2005) 書中將James Gibson以視覺為主的生態心理學應用在感知音樂意義的探討，嘗試在實證主義與新音樂學的兩極中尋求平衡。本文則以Clarke的途徑「聆聽」2008年2月28日在當年短暫改稱為國立台灣民主紀念館前廣場舉行的《以愛重生》音樂會。儘管從時地來看，音樂會之政治意涵明顯，現場卻並未刻意強調。而六首曲目可視為多元族群、國族精神、普世價值三層次所呈現的和解意圖；其中多元族群一層獨缺「國語」曲目、代表普世價值的貝多芬《歡樂頌》只以「台語」版唱出等等作法，卻讓音樂會的意義在「以愛重生」的和解與「以愛之名」的對立之間擺盪。本文並非要為音樂會定調，而是希望經由Clarke的生態途徑，在有聲或無聲的「聆聽」中，感知音樂意義的張力，以說明在聆聽或聆聽不到二二八之間，實隨感知、行動、環境三者互動而改變。本文認為，音樂的一定「能供性」正可抵抗政治的擺佈，並反過頭來救贖同被各種政治壟斷的二二八紀念。

關鍵詞：音樂意義、音樂知覺生態論、2008年「以愛重生」音樂會、二二八、 貝多芬《歡樂頌》。

While positivistic musicology often limits meaning in the musical text and neglects the context, the so-called New Musicology may be too busy with ideologies and ignore the music itself. In Ways of Listening: An Ecological Approach to the Perception of Musical Meaning (2005), Eric Clarke utilizes James Gibson's ecological approach to visual perception to investigate the perception of musical meaning, as an attempt to balance the extremes of positivism and New Musicology. This thesis aims to “perceive” the meaning of the 2/28 memorial concert “Reborn by Love” in 2008 by Clarke’s approach. Although the date of 228 and the venue of the then briefly renamed National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall carried obvious political implications, the concert itself didn’t emphasize them. By dividing the six pieces on the program into three levels that represent first, the four major ethnic groups, second, the national spirit, and third, universal values, the reconciliatory intention of the concert could be recognized ("reborn by love"); some other arrangements, however, might reveal an opposite intention (in the name of love?). For example, in the first level, music that represents the mainlanders was absent; in the third level, Beethoven's Ode to Joy that represents universalism was sung only in Taiwanese (Hokkien) to the exclusion of other ethnic languages. Yet this thesis is not intended to decide on any one reading of the concert, but tries to "listen" to all the meanings afforded by this concert through Clarke’s ecological approach. In the end, whether the 2/28 Massacre could be "heard" or not depends on the relationship between perception, action and environment. This thesis argues that music's affordance for ambivalent meanings could liberate itself from political manipulation, and it in turn could redeem the 2/28 commemoration from various political appropriations.

Keywords: musical meaning; ecological approach to music perception; 2008 "Reborn by Love" Concert; 2/28; Beethoven's Ode to Joy.