穿越大銀幕：好萊塢3D電影的政治經濟學分析

Abstract

3D技術被稱為繼聲音、彩色化後的第三次電影攝製技術革命，更因為高昂票價被視為電影工業搶救利潤危機的救世主。一個新技術的進入必定對市場和產業帶來轉變，並且以市場積累的成本回過頭來影響生產政策，一旦生產條件改變，也可能改寫電影的面貌，產出不同以往的電影文本。本研究嘗試從傳播政治經濟學及電影敘事美學為取徑，探討3D科技與電影經濟、電影美學之間的動態關係。除了搜集好萊塢3D電影的市場資料來說明市場與生產結構的演變，也輔以文本研究探討3D技術在電影敘事上的可能性。

歷時性的分析確立了好萊塢的商業性格，並理解在電影生產環節中，攝製技術是建立產品差異化的絕佳利器，能夠刺激觀眾走進戲院。但本研究發現，新進的電影技術只能短暫解決好萊塢的獲利危機，通貨膨脹、成本上漲導致電影業入不敷出，長期利潤下滑。不過，掌握3D技術的大片廠依然佔據主導地位，工業結構仍有相當程度的雷同甚至鞏固。再者，從3D電影的類型與生產形態來看，3D技術引進後，好萊塢的生產決策維持不變，視效鉅片是衝高票房的理想投資，3D重製技術則為片廠二度淘金的手段之一。

另一方面，科技持續與電影的形貌發生互動，數位3D克服技術障礙後，雖然市場上確實有不少賣弄3D奇巧的噱頭電影，但也出現一些與古典敘事結合狀況良好的案例，能建造更接近感知真實世界的觀影經驗。透過電影敘事分析，本研究整理出三個較佳的3D電影美學特徵：依循古典敘事結構，以3D奇觀輔助敘事；深度導向體驗身歷其境；3D出現在關鍵時機並放慢節奏，這些原則有助影片展現更傑出的奇觀。

Today’s global film market is strongly influenced and benefited by the resurgence of 3D films. The introduction of new filmmaking technologies has been proved to impact the film market and industry and finally in turn to affect the strategy of production as well as the quality of films themselves. The thesis aims to explore the latest dynamic of 3D technology, the film economy, and the aesthetics of 3D film.

The thesis states that although new filmmaking technologies may have resolved the profit crisis of Hollywood temporarily however in the long run Hollywood continues to face the problem of the reduction of profitability. In addition, the Hollywood majors, now most of them media conglomerates, still dominate the market. By analyzing the type of production and the genre of the recent 3D films, the thesis also demonstrates that the production of blockbuster with spectacular scenes is still the mainstream strategy and the re-releasing the dimensionalized old films is another revenue-generating tactic of Hollywood.

On the other hand, we can indeed see many Hollywood 3D films that only simply exploit the technology and offer nothing but shallow spectacular images, there are also some exception films that provide us a ‘better’ combination of 3D technology and classic narrative, which can enhance and enrich the visual experience of audience. The thesis analyzes three case 3D films in attempting to provide three good principles of 3D aesthetics: 1. 3D films obey the classical narrative structure and 3D technology can work as an assistant in storytelling. 2. Depth-oriented aesthetic can enhance audience’s immersion. 3. The proper timing and slow tempo of 3D emergence, achieving better spectacles.