由福利國家轉向新自由主義-高等教育經費政策轉變之探究

Abstract

本研究旨在探討由福利國家轉向新自由主義的脈絡背景下，國際間高等教育經費政策轉變之趨勢。本文主要以福利國家轉向新自由主義為理論主軸，透過對高等教育經費政策之影響進行分析，進一步檢視不同福利類型之國家高等教育經費政策轉變的脈動方向。因此，本文之研究目的如下： (一) 探討福利國家之發展脈絡及其對高等教育之影響。 (二) 探究新自由主義之發展脈絡與高等教育之關係。 (三) 瞭解高等教育經費政策之轉變趨勢及背景因素。 (四) 分析各類型福利國家高等教育經費政策之轉變，是否符應受到福利國家轉向新自由主義所產生的影響。 (五) 透過對國際高等教育經費政策轉變現象之研究，對我國高等教育經費政策提供參考與建議。

為達成上述之研究目的，本文在第二章中分別探討福利國家與新自由主義之相關論述與定義，並檢視福利國家、新自由主義與高等教育之關係。

第三章中，本文主要在論述政府與高等教育經費政策間之相互關係及高等教育經費來源由公共經費轉向私人經費之影響因素，進而了解高等教育經費政策轉變之背景、方向及未來趨勢等。

在第四章中，本文透過蒐集不同福利類型之代表國家高等教育經費政策資料及統計數據，對各主要國家高等教育經費政策轉變情形進行分析，以比較不同福利類型代表國家之高等教育經費政策轉變的趨勢與特質。

最後，在結論與建議一章中，本文根據前述研究發現，提出以下六項結論： (一) 國家組合主義類型福利國家高等教育主要仍由國家公共經費支持，但公共經費補助比例逐漸下降。 (二) 社會民主類型福利國家高等教育經費主要由國家提供，但公共經費比例有下降的趨勢。 (三) 自由主義類型福利國家高等教育顯現出主要由公共經費支持轉向私人經費共同分擔的情形。 (四) 放任主義類型福利國家高等教育私人經費投資所佔比例及重要性大幅提高。 (五) 在不同的政治體制及經濟環境等背景下，各國受到新自由主義思潮的影響，高等教育經費政策均有所轉變。 (六) 國際間高等教育經費政策轉變趨勢與新自由主義強調私有化的原則有明顯的符應。

This dissertation aims to study the change of higher education policy by examining the shift from welfare state to neo-liberalism in major countries in the world. The purposes of the study include: 1. To discuss the development of the welfare state and its influences on higher education. 2. To investigate the background and the development of Neo-liberalism, also its relation to higher education. 3. To examine the policy change of higher education funding and its background. 4. To analyze the changes of higher education funding policies in major welfare states in order to understand if they are influenced by this turning trend as well. 5. To provide a useful suggestion to Taiwan’s related policies.

Therefore, Chapter Two is mainly about the related discourse and the definitions of welfare states and neo-liberalism, and it also endeavors to figure out the relationship among the welfare state, neo-liberalism and higher education through this arrangement.

Chapter Three analyzes not only the relation between the role of the government and the higher education funding policy, but also the factors that lead to the change from public funds to private supports. The study hopes to project the trend and direction of the higher education through different dimensional analyses.

Included in Chapter Four is the analysis of the higher education funding policy based on the statistics from different types of welfare state in order to compare their characteristics and their future trends.

The following findings are summarized in the last part of this dissertation: 1. The higher education of the state-corporatist welfare state is mainly supported by public funding, but the proportion of public funding is gradually dropping. 2. Higher education funding of social-democratic welfare states are provided by the governments mainly, but the proportion of public funding is also reducing. 3. The higher education of the liberalism welfare state turns up to be shared by both the private support and the public funds which previously was the only funder of the higher education. 4. The proportion and the importance of private investment in higher education of laissez-faire welfare state increases a lot. 5. Higher education funding policies of all countries have been changed to some extent particularly due to the influence of neo-liberalism, different political structure and economic environment. 6. The policy changes of higher education funding of all countries reflect neo-liberalism’s emphasis of privatization.