鐵路司機員對工作壓力之感認及持續駕駛對事故風險影響之研究

Abstract

本研究主要是探討鐵路司機員在駕駛中面臨的不同壓力源時，對這些壓力源的難易度的感認，及持續駕駛對事故風險影響的研究。

本研究第一部份是發展一套鐵路司機員面臨不同壓力源的量表，再經過模式的分析，而量測出司機員對不同壓力源感受不同難度順序。研究程序是收集鐵路司機員不同的壓力源，經由與鐵路員工進行焦點團體法的討論及鐵路專家質與量的分析，產生本研究的問卷即是司機員覺得較難克服的壓力源，再將此問卷對台鐵局的司機員進行普查，將回收資料進行檢定後，再利用Rasch 模式進行分析，經信、效度檢定，而得到司機員面臨駕駛中不同壓力源時，感受的不同難度。從本研究中，發現台鐵司機員覺得外在環境的壓力源最難克服，本研究也提供了減輕司機員壓力的策略，協助鐵路安全的管理。

第二部份是檢視駕駛時間與司機員責任事故的關係，進而分析持續駕駛與事故風險的關係。首先收集1996到2006年司機員駕駛時間及責任事故的資料，然後分別算出客車及貨車不同時段的事故率。本研究結果發現不論客車或貨車，事故風險隨著時駕駛時間的增加而增加，且駕駛時間在4小時後，其事故率為開始駕駛第1小時的2倍，且發現貨物列車有額外的事故風險，可能的原因是第1小時貨車在調車場從事調車工作，因調車場路線配置較複雜且僅是半自動聯鎖控制，所以較容易發生事故。從研究中也發現，火車駕駛比公路駕駛的事故風險隨著駕駛時間的增加上升較快，可能原因為火車駕駛的工作壓力較大且較單調的駕駛環境所致。為了降低人為的事故風險，建議採取加強安全設備及司機員訓練和建立嚴謹的稽核制度。

This study explores the difficulties of various stressors for train drivers, as well as to identify the relationship between hours of consecutive driving and train accident risk.

The first step was to develop an approach to measure the difficulties of various stressors for train drivers. Through focus group discussions and experts’ judgments, a questionnaire was designed to explore the stressors confronted by train drivers while driving. A census survey was used to collect responses of train drivers from the Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA), and the Rasch model, which can estimate values on an interval scale from ordinal responses, was then applied to explore the perceived difficulties of various stressors to be confronted while driving. The study results showed that most of the critical stressors come from the external driving environment. The study results provide valuable information about the stressors confronted by train drivers, and provide consultation assistance on railway safety management.

The second part of the study examined the relationship between driver responsible accidents and on-board driving hours to determine the effect of consecutive driving hours on accident risk. The data collected from the Taiwan Railway Administration for the period 1996-2006 was used to compute accident rates for varied accumulated driving hours for passenger and freight trains. The results showed that accident risk grew with increased consecutive driving hours for both passenger and freight trains, and doubled that of the first hour after four consecutive hours of driving. Additional accident risk was found for freight trains during the first hour due to required shunting in the marshalling yards where there are complex track layouts and semi-automatic traffic controls. Also, accident risk for train driving increased more quickly over consecutive driving hours than for automobile driving, and accumulated fatigue caused by high working pressure and monotony of the working environment are considered to be part of the reason. To prevent human error accidents, enhancing safety equipment, driver training programs, and establishing a sound auditing system are suggested and discussed.