結局與結果：中文的兩種動詞後結果貌成份研究

Abstract

結果貌語意的研究在過去數十年間已經引起語言學家廣泛的注意。一般語言學家皆能接受在中文的雙動詞複合結構 (V-V compounds) 中，當第二個動詞表示的是該事件的結果貌時，則該複合結構應被視為「動結式」。此外，動結式另一個較為明顯的特性為其能加插表可能性的中綴「得」來形成該動結式之「可能性模式」 (potential mode)。這個特色，讓是讓「動結式」和其他動詞複合結構有所區分的地方。然而，即使許多文獻已經提及有部份的動結式結構並無法適用「可能性模式」，明確的機制以及理由並未受到相對的注意和研究。

本文藉由 Kratzer (2004) 所提出的對於德文及英文結果貌語意研究的概念，提出一個和傳統的一元化結果貌語意不同的看法。本文認為，中文的結果貌語意應和德文、英文一樣，皆是具有兩種不同的結果貌事件結構。為了論証以上的觀察，本文首先釐清中文的兩種結果貌成份 - 「得」和「到」- 出現的時機和條件，然後將這些條件和 Kratzer 所提出的兩種結果貌相對比，以得出兩種不同的結果貌語意。再用這兩種不同的結果貌語意來驗証中文動結式的事件結構內涵。最後，本文總結提出在中文的動結式結構中，具有「可能性模式」的動結式，屬於「結局型動結式」。在這型動結式中，動作階段和結果階段為兩個獨立的事件。而不具有「可能性模式」的動結式，則屬於「結果型動結式」。在這型動結式中，動作階段和結果階段為同一事件內不可分割的兩面。

This research of resultative semantics has drawn attentions from linguists for decades. In Mandarin, it is generally accepted that a V-V construction with the second verb indicating the resultative state of the event can be seen as a VR compound. In addition to this, one particular trait on the VR compounds is the potential mode, in which a potentialty-dé （得） is inserted to form a V-dé-X construction such as "chī-dé-wán" （吃得完）which distinguishes the VR compounds from other verbal compounds in Mandarin. However, as there are still some VR constructions can not tolerate potentialty-dé insertion (e.g., chī-guāng vs. *chī-dé-guāng), there is no explanation to this gap.

By adopting the idea proposed in Kratzer (2004), this thesis proposes that Mandarin has two types of resultative semantics as German and English do, instead of the unitary one type of resultative semantics found in the literature. This paper will inspect the semantic environment that licenses the appearance of two resultative markers (e.g., dé and dào) in Mandarin and compare their linguistic behavior with the two types of resultative semantics suggested by Kratzer in English to support to the proposal that Mandarin has two types of resultative semantics as well. At the end, this paper suggests that those V-particle constructions with potentiality-dé (i.e., V-wán) are of the resultative semantics of eventual resultative but those V-particle constructions without potentiality-dé insertion belong to the resultative semantics of consequential resultative.