尼泊爾西藏難民地毯產業的發展：難民經濟的典範？

Abstract

難民經濟有可能發展嗎？這是實證也是一個理論的問題。處於西藏邊境位於印度鄰國的尼泊爾，這個世界上最窮的國家之一，流亡藏人經營的手工打結西藏地毯產業，曾經在1990年代造就該國第一大產業和出口創匯部門，超越成衣製造和觀光產業，成為尼泊爾經濟發展的主要推動力。不同於印度流亡藏人的毛衣貿易小生意，尼泊爾藏人地毯產業的經營者不但從事大規模的地毯生產，也控制地毯國際貿易的出口市場。 尼泊爾西藏難民地毯產業的發展，是否能夠作為難民經濟的典範？是本研究計畫希望回答的問題。相較於一般的移民族群經濟的型態，難民經濟的條件和限制又是什麼？這也是本計畫希望透過對流亡藏人經濟的案例和比較研究解答的問題 本研究將針對西藏難民在該產業中所扮演角色，分別從聚居點的工廠和藏毯企業家，前者以社群凝聚優於經濟利益，後者則必須向社群證明其財富的正當性，比較這兩類行動者的經濟策略與論述，理解難民的身份與流亡的處境，如何影響經濟活動的選擇以及與流亡當地社會的關係。此外，藉著和既有印度流亡藏人毛衣貿易型態進行比較，與當前經濟社會學之族群經濟，宗教文化與經濟的理論進行對話，闡明難民經濟的理論化基礎。

Is there any possibility for a refugee economy to become a developmental model？ This is an empirical and theotical issue. The reconstruction of a carpet weaving tradtion regugees in Nepal after the diaspora of 1959 has transformed and empowered the Tibetan refugee community in Nepal. This research aims to understand the issue of refugee economy by studying the success and change fo the the Tibetan Carpet Industry in Nepal, than to compare with the Tibetan sweater-selling business in India. This will be a three-year research project. For the first to study those capret factories in four Tibetan settlements in Nepal. The purpose of the study is to understand the settlement camp business to compete on cost and find their ways in which to remain in business. The second year will focus on those controlling large, capitalist enterprises that employed hundreds of Nepalese workers. The questions to answered will be how do they making the profits and try to development the discourse to ligitimating benefit as a refugee in Nepal? The third-year project will be to compare the findings in Tibetan capret business with the Tibetan sweater-selling business in India.