Hydrogen Bonding-Induced H-Aggregation for Fluorescence Turn-On of the GFP Chromophore: Supramolecular Structural Rigidity

Abstract

To turn on the fluorescence of the native green fluorescence protein (GFP) chromophore, 4-hydroxybenzylidene-dimethylimidazolinone (HBDI), in an artificial supramolecular system has been a challenging task, because it requires high local environmental rigidity. This work shows that the formation of H-aggregates of an HBDI-containing organogelator results in two orders of magnitude fluorescence enhancement (phi(f)=2.9 vs. 0.02 %), in which the inter-HBDI OH...OH H-bonds play a crucial role. The aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement of HBDI has important implications on the origin of the high fluorescence quantum efficiency of HBDI in the GFP beta-barrel and on the supramolecular strategy for a full fluorescence recovery of HBDI. These results reveal a new approach to designing rigid chromophore aggregates for high-performance optoelectronic properties.