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Item type:Item, 20150115第三期目錄(2015-01-15) ;編輯室 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心編輯曲線 數理簡訊 [專題] 數學教育與十二年國教 教改的矛盾 [數] 「克萊恩瓶」主題變奏曲 [理] 數學在分子生物學中的有效性 [人] 漫步在馮諾曼花園 天才的花朵 [文] 數學家,出來吧! 誤入歧途的數學師資培育 CCSS餘波蕩漾 近年美國媒體的數學教育論戰 別聽威爾森胡扯 [書評] 推薦《一個數學家的嘆息》 白臉:嘆息之後 黑臉:數學教育的兩難Item type:Item, 漫步在馮諾曼的花園 天才的花朵(2015-01-15) ;戴森 Freeman Dyson、趙學信 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心約翰.馮諾曼(Johnny von Neumann)身後留下大量著作,這些作品由陶伯(Abraham Taub)編纂成六卷的文集 [1]。這套文集是他的花園,裡 面收藏著他種下的各式各樣的繁茂植栽,每一株都是從一粒種籽、亦即他腦海裡的一個想法或問題所長成。他發展想法或是解決問題,然後寫下並發表。他寫作速度快,發表也快,所以園中繁花仍鮮麗。今天這場演講,我決定要去他的花園走一趟,看看能發現什麼。很幸運的是,文集裡只有兩篇論 文是以匈牙利文寫成。他在三十歲來到美國定居之前,大多是用德文寫作,此後則是用英文。Item type:Item, Gold nanoparticles: BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) coating and X-ray irradiation produce variable-spectrum photoluminescence(2015-01-15) ;Lee, Kuo-Hao ;Lai, Sheng-Feng ;Lin, Yan-Cheng ;Chou, Wu-ChingOng, Edwin B. L.We show that by using different x-ray irradiation times of BSA-coated Au nanoparticles (NPs) we can change their ultraviolet-stimulated photoluminescence and shift the spectral weight over the visible spectral range. This is due to the interplay of two emission bands, one due to BSA and the other related to gold. The emission properties did not change with time over a period of several months. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.Item type:Item, 數學在分子生物學中不合理的有效性(2015-01-15) ;雷斯克 Arthur M. Lesk、周樹靜 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心.基因是生物的基本藍圖,存於 DNA 的鹼基序列中,再靠著「遺傳密碼」直接轉譯成蛋白質的胺基酸序列,蛋白質於是自發折疊成天然的三維結構。序列和空間結構都可用數學的語言描述。 .分子生物學運用序列比對和結構疊合這兩項數學工具,試圖描述並分類序列或結構。希望以演化做為指導原則,描述並預測蛋白質的序列、結構、功能彼此之間的內在關係。 .從胺基酸序列決定蛋白質的三維結構是大自然的演算法,但受制於生物學的特性,從物化原理預測蛋白質結構並不容易。這個熱門又重要的問題,應該從基本原理做起,或採用實用而有效的預測,考驗數學的應用能耐。Item type:Item, 教改的矛盾 一個數學家的觀點(2015-01-15) ;林長壽 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心關於十二年國教,我想從社會快速變遷的角度談起。臺灣整體社會的變化非常大,傳統教育部分難免跟社會現有的價值觀脫節。當然這在許多國家都一樣,解決這個問題的方式,也多少反映這個國家本身的特性,其中之一就是深刻反映政治體系的本質,但因為這需要更通盤的討論,必須先省略。 面對社會的快速變化,跟所有人都有關的國民教育體制應該做怎麼樣的調整或改變,是國家政策制訂或發展中的一個很重要的參考重點。從國家體制來講,教育體制的調整或改革的重要目標,是要同時達到國家的目的與個人教育的目的。在臺灣,這點不僅從事政治的人、甚至從事教育的學者或相關人士似乎從未深刻體認、探討或反省,這是非常不幸的一點。Item type:Item, Hierarchical scheme for detecting the rotating MIMO transmission of the in-door RGB-LED visible light wireless communications using mobile-phone camera(2015-01-15) ;Chen, Shih-Hao ;Chow, Chi-Wai ;光電工程學系Department of PhotonicsMultiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) scheme can extend the transmission capacity for the lightemitting-diode (LED) based visible light communication (VLC) systems. The MIMO VLC system that uses the mobile-phone camera as the optical receiver (Rx) to receive MIMO signal from the n x n Red-GreenBlue (RGB) LED array is desirable. The key step of decoding this signal is to detect the signal direction. If the LED transmitter (Tx) is rotated, the Rx may not realize the rotation and transmission error can occur. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a novel hierarchical transmission scheme which can reduce the computation complexity of rotation detection in LED array VLC system. We use the n x n RGB LED array as the MIMO Tx. In our study, a novel two dimensional Hadamard coding scheme is proposed. Using the different LED color layers to indicate the rotation, a low complexity rotation detection method can be used for improving the quality of received signal. The detection correction rate is above 95% in the indoor usage distance. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed scheme. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reservedItem type:Item, REAL-TIME MULTI-CHANNEL AUTOMATIC EYE BLINK ARTIFACT ELIMINATOR(2015-01-15) ;Fang Wai-Chi ;Liao Jui-Chieh ;Shih Wei-Yeh ;Huang Kuan-JuChen Chiu-KuoA real-time multi-channel automatic eye blink artifact eliminator includes a receiving unit for receiving independent component data; a temporary storage unit for saving pieces of the independent component data to form a data segment; a detection unit for detecting an eye blink artifact in the data segment through a sample entropy algorithm to generate a sample entropy value corresponding to the data segment; and a processing unit for determining whether the data segment contains the eye blink artifact according to the sample entropy value to generate an output result, eliminating the eye blink artifact according to the output result and outputting processed independent component data. The receiving unit continuously receives a next piece of the independent component data and the temporary storage unit discards the oldest one and adds a new one to form a new data segment, thereby continuously performing the eye blink artifact elimination to each data segment.Item type:Item, 白臉:嘆息之後(2015-01-15) ;張海潮 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心本文是筆者讀《一個數學家的嘆息》之後的回應,文中 L 代表原作者 Paul Lockhart 教授,H 代表本人。頁數是指自 L 書中引文的出處。 圖形告訴我們連續奇數的和總是一個完全平方數,圖形所呈現的是平方數的一種分解,這是平方數的「真」,而圖形的呈現方式正是數學(藝術)的美。 這和我小時候的經驗是吻合的,28 這個數有各種各樣的分解,這是美,但都是代表 28,這是真。很難想像,當我們離開了真與美,我們要怎樣尷尬的學習數學。Item type:Item, 推薦《一個數學家的嘆息》(2015-01-15) ;洪萬生 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心本書應該是我所見過的數學教育宣言中最基進的(radical)一篇了。作者拉克哈特(Paul Lockhart)是一位成功的專業數學家,公元 2000 年,他毅然轉入紐約市一所小學任教,身體力行他認為有意義的數學教學活動。本書即是他的現身說法,因此,他對於美國目前中小學數學教育的現實之沈重但真誠的嘆息,似乎沒有幾個有識之士敢視而不見。Item type:Item, Palladium based cermet composite for hydrogen separation at elevated temperature(2015-01-15) ;Tsai, Yen-Chang ;Lin, Chien-Cheng ;Lin, Wei-Lin ;Wang, Jeng-HanChen, San-YuanA cermet composite consisting of palladium and BaCe0.4Zr0.4Gd0.1DY0.1O3-x (BCZGD) is fabricated by mixing palladium and BCZGD powders in a ball mill, followed by pressing and sintering at 1450 degrees C for 24 h in air. The Pd-BCZGD cermet demonstrates impressive hydrogen permeation flux in a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at elevated temperature, in which the palladium plays the predominant role of facile transport in the hydrogen atoms whereas the BCZGD provides channels for proton conduction. Material characterization including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) are performed. XRD patterns indicate pure phases of fcc palladium and perovskite BCZGD. SEM images and element mapping suggest a homogeneous mixture of cermet without noticeable defect and phase segregation. TGA results confirm stability of the cermet against carbon dioxide without chemical decomposition. The hydrogen permeation flux is determined via a gas chromatography from 400 to 700 degrees C at various hydrogen concentration gradients. We record a hydrogen flux of 1.25 cm(3) min(-1) cm(-2) in 50% hydrogen and 50% carbon dioxide at 700 degrees C, with a selectivity of H-2/CO2 approaching infinity. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item type:Item, 數學教育與十二年國教 or 十二年國教的數學教育(2015-01-15) ;張鎮華、單維彰、張海潮、翁秉仁 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心十二年國教數學課程綱要之我見 小學數學學習相關事宜,個人意見認為,由訂定課程綱要、寫書、審書、選書、教書、讀書、到考試、入學,歷年來前半段的問題少,後半段的問題多。 數學教育面臨的大議題 高中數學可以如何因應 自從92 年版的九年一貫數學領域數學課綱指出「數學是一種語言」以來,這個觀念一直傳延至今。沿著這個思路,當我們將數學教育類比於語言的習得,則國小的數學教育就像母語教育,而高中的數學教育就變成外語教育了。雖然外語能力(就像所有能力一樣)總是多多益善,但我們總該認清: 外語是為某種目的而刻意地學,其本身即是一種專業。進入高中數學教室的中學生,想必都潛意識地認知這一點。所以我邀請讀者批判以下兩個基本假 設:沒有一套適合所有中學生的高中數學,而且高中數學本身並非目的。 會考啟示錄 年是十二年國教第一次舉辦全國性的會考和特招。特招考試後,我寫了一篇〈103 學年度高中特招的幾何考題──兼談12 年國教國中的幾何教學〉(《高中數學學科中心電子報》第89 期)。寫完不久,就發生了各明星高中停辦特招,準備以會考來作為升學的部分根據。這個變化讓我重新思考應該回頭來看看會考的考題,原因是「考試領導教學」。此外,會考既然傳承了過去從90 年到102 年13 次基測的經驗,應該穩定性極高。 國小數學很簡單嗎 課程綱要必須先談課程的目標。不論是就個人發展或國家發展,小學數學教育有兩個固有的目的,因此也是課程綱要制訂的基本條件。首先,小學數學就是國民數學基本素養的養成階段,一般人是否能解決日常生活碰到的數學問題,一個現代公民是否能具備終身會用到的數量能力,絕大部分都是是以小學數學為基礎,這是小學數學的根本使命。Item type:Item, CCSS餘波蕩漾 近年美國媒體的數學教育論戰(2015-01-15) ;蘇惠玉 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心美 國 近 三 十 年 來, 所 謂 的 數 學 戰 爭(mathwars)一直時強時弱地在進行著,這些論戰起因於1960 年代「新數學」(New Math)後的課程改革。雖然在新數學運動之後,美國數學教育以「回歸基礎」(back to basic)為口號,回到強調基礎演練,熟練基本運算的老路,不過美國在國際數學競試的評比卻一直處於落後的地位。Item type:Item, 別聽威爾森胡扯(2015-01-15) ;弗倫科 Edward Frenkel、蘇惠玉 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心威爾森是哈佛大學卓越的生物學家以及暢銷作家,我尊崇他的成就,但是他最近在《華爾街日報》的文章(引自他的新書《給青年科學家的信》實在錯得離譜。 在文章中威爾森告訴有抱負的科學家,想成功並不需要數學。他一開頭就說:「現今世界上最成功的科學家,許多人的數學程度都不過是半文盲……在這個主題上我有權威來發言,因為我自己就是極端的案例。」如果威爾森接下來著能夠說:「但是,年輕的科學家如你們,不必像我一樣,讓我想想能否幫你們克服對數學的恐懼。」倒也合乎道理。Item type:Item, 編輯曲線 令人嘆息的數學教育?(2015-01-15) ;編輯室 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心教育本來是很個人、很在地的事情,但從現代國家介入教育,希望有效開發國民生產力後,龐大的國民教育體系才出現在人類史上。但是局部與全體、個人與國家之間的緊張一直都存在。就像懷德海反對大型考試,他說 「畢竟只有課堂上的老師才知道如何恰當評量學生。」就是一句很實在的教育宣言。為什麼需要教育部?課程綱要?入學考試?Item type:Item, 數學家,出來吧! 誤入歧途的數學師資培育(2015-01-15) ;伍鴻熙 Hung-Hsi Wu、林真 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心.數學系畢業的學生不見得能教好國中小數學,為研究而設的大學數學課程無益於準老師。想要讓教學有成效,數學師資培育所需的數學課程必須與教學相關,也與數學基本原理一致。 .國中小數學是許多老師、數學教育家與教育行政人員數學資訊的主要來源,因此不矯正國中小數學的問題,數學教育就會落入惡性循環,無法進步。這是數學界長年疏忽的責任。 .要如何將抽象數學客製化用於教學現場,唯有數學家做得到,但必須先理解現場教學的實務與限制。反之,數學教育家必須體認教育文獻長期累積的數學謬誤,與數學家合作重建符合數學與教學原理的數學課程。Item type:Item, 數理簡訊(2015-01-15) ;編輯室 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心四年一度的費爾茲獎公布 第一位女性得主 數學界的諾貝爾獎「費爾茲獎」頒獎了! 8 月13日在韓國首爾舉辦的世界數學家大會中,四位來自世界各地的年輕數學家獲頒這項殊榮, 分別是巴 西的阿維拉(A. Avila)、印裔美加籍的巴噶瓦(M. Bhargava)、奧地利的賀勒(M. Hairer),以及伊朗的莫札卡尼(M. Mirzakhani),其中莫札卡尼是首位獲得費爾茲獎的女性數學家。 撞球中也有高深數學 2014 年的阿貝爾獎和沃爾夫獎 相對於年輕數學家的費爾茲獎,最接近終身成就獎的莫過於阿貝爾獎,今年得主是79 歲的俄國數學家西奈(Y. Sinai)。西奈1960 年在莫斯科大學取得博士,是知名數學家科莫哥洛夫(A. Kolmogorov)的學生,他一直留在俄國,1993 年才任職普林斯頓大學。 一個時代的終結? 從格羅騰迪克逝世談起 數學界公認可能是二十世紀最偉大數學家的格羅騰迪克(A Grothendieck),11 月13 日在法國西南庇里牛斯山北麓的阿列日省(Ariège)過世了。 不讓露西專美於前 在臺灣取景拍攝的數學電影 2014 年10 月,法國導演盧貝松和史嘉蕾喬韓森來臺北拍攝「露西」造成轟動,但較少人知道另一支英國團隊稍早也在臺北拍了一部數學電影「X+Y」。這部電影和國片「逆光飛翔」的製作過程很像,導演馬修斯先拍了一部扣人心弦的紀錄片Beautiful YoungMinds,再因好評籌資拍成電影。紀錄片的片名顯然是向談數學家納許的「美麗境界」(Beautiful Mind)致意,紀錄英國奧林匹亞隊伍參與2006 年斯洛維尼亞奧賽的過程,其中獲得銀牌的萊特汶(D. Lightwing)的故事,就是「X+Y」的張本。Item type:Item, 黑臉:數學教育的兩難(2015-01-15) ;翁秉仁 ;Shing-Tung Yau Center丘成桐中心拉克哈特的小冊子《一個數學家的嘆息》是近來很熱門的數學教育科普書。數學家多半欣然同意書中的基本描述:現在的數學教育一團糟,學生沒有學到數學的精華,也無法領會數學的美好。 不過在閱讀的過程,我心裡的警鐘也時時敲起。幾年前的「建構數學」也希望學生像個小數學家,探索、討論、發表,直探數學的美好。不過「建構數學」無法推動的主因之一是教師素質,我看不出拉克哈特有什麼魔棒可以點石成金,不然加州大學的伍鴻熙就不用投入大量心血在美國的師資培育上。Item type:Item, Nanomechanical properties of Bi2Te3 thin films by nanoindentation(2015-01-15) ;Tasi, Cheng-Hsun ;Tseng, Yu-Chin ;Jian, Sheng-Rui ;Liao, Ying-YenLin, Chih-MingIn this study, the microstructural, morphological and nanomechanical properties of Bi2Te3 thin films are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation techniques. The Bi2Te3 thin films were deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) under the various helium gas pressures. The XRD results indicated that the Bi2Te3 thin films are textured with the c-axis preferentially oriented normal to the films surface. Both the grain size and surface roughness of the Bi2Te3 thin films exhibit an increasing trend with increasing the helium gas pressure. Furthermore, the hardness and Young\'s modulus of the Bi2Te3 thin films are measured by a Berkovich nanoindenter operated with the continuous contact stiffness measurements (CSM) mode were found to range from 2.92 +/- 0.12 to 4.02 +/- 0.14 GPa and from 106.31 +/- 0.63 to 127.46 +/- 9.21 GPa, respectively, when the helium gas pressure was increased from 2 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-3) Torr. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item type:Item, Security authentication using phase-encoded nanoparticle structures and polarized light(2015-01-15) ;Carnicer, Artur ;Hassanfiroozi, Amir ;Latorre-Carmona, Pedro ;Huang, Yi-PaiJavidi, BahramPhase-encoded nanostructures such as quick response (QR) codes made of metallic nanoparticles are suggested to be used in security and authentication applications. We present a polarimetric optical method able to authenticate random phase-encoded QR codes. The system is illuminated using polarized light, and the QR code is encoded using a phase-only random mask. Using classification algorithms, it is possible to validate the QR code from the examination of the polarimetric signature of the speckle pattern. We used Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test and Support Vector Machine algorithms to authenticate the phase-encoded QR codes using polarimetric signatures. (C) 2015 Optical Society of AmericaItem type:Item, Development of approximate solutions for contaminant transport through fractured media(2015-01-15) ;Liu, Chih-Tien ;Yeh, Hund-Der ;環境工程研究所Institute of Environmental EngineeringApproximate solutions are sometimes very convenient and useful in engineering practices if the analytical solution is in a complicated form and difficult to evaluate accurately. This study develops four different approximate solutions for the problem of contaminant transport in fractured media presented in Tang et al. (1981) [1]. Their problem was solved analytically and the solutions of concentration distributions in the fracture and the rock expressed in infinite integrals had to rely on numerical approaches to obtain the results. The approximate solutions we develop herein include small-time solution, large-time solution, low-order approximate solution and high-order one based on the Pade approximation technique. The small-time solution gives very accurate concentrations at early times while the large-time solution yields excellent predictions at late times, as compared to Tang et al.\'s solution (Tang et al., 1981) [1]. In contrast, the solution based on low-order Fade approximation with polynomials of degree one in the numerator and degree two in the denominator gives fairly good predictions over the entire time domain, especially in the intermediate period as compared with those of the small-time and large-time solutions. In addition, the solution based on high-order Fade approximation with polynomials of degree two in the numerator and degree three in the denominator is also developed and its predicted concentrations are also compared with Tang et al.\'s solution (Tang et al., 1981) [1]. These results reveal that the Fade approximation has an advantage of being capable of producing more accurate results than the relationships of SPLT and LPST in the intermediate and late time periods. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.