全球客家形成的研究：台灣經驗與多層次族群想像的浮現---(子計畫六)客家女性的流離、家園與族群之想像與再現

Abstract

相對於人類學典型的固定的田野研究，移動的民族誌與田野研究在當代的人類學研究，是另一凸顯的民族誌議題與研究方法的範式。人類學對客家的家族、宗族、社區或儀式研究，已累積頗為豐厚的成果。這個基礎提供我們對於何謂客家有了一些共識。我認為可以這個基礎上，以移動的客家女性做為進一步探索客家的對象。客家社會的女性，如同人類的許多社會，並非該社會的主要發言人，也非主要儀式場合的帶頭人或該社會所認可之主要文書(如族譜)的書寫者。然而1980年以來的女性主義人類學者已然指出女性在人類社會的靜默、出聲的形式與內容都應該給予更細膩的描述與討論。我們應該更關注女性說話者的言說脈絡，以及說話者的立場，乃至言說背後的裝備。在前述的客家議題與女性做為社會的行動與言說主體的人類學理論背景裡，我的研究計畫擬描述與討論擁有跨越國與國、城與城、城與鄉、鄉與鄉，家與家等不同大小格局，遠近之距，涉及不同地景、文化、語言之間諸多移動經驗的客家女性對於流離、家園、族群的經驗與不同形式的出聲或靜默。因為在全球客家之形成的內容與意義，在台灣的客家與海外客家之間已然形成或仍在開展中的關聯，客家女性的生命史與移動經驗的敘事都應該是不可缺少的一環。通過三年期的研究，我在這個集體計畫裡，擬提出以客家與女性做為主體以口說、書寫或影像記錄其對流離、家園與族群的想像與再現研究為主題構想，並且透過美國、東南亞與台灣三個區域的比較研究來進行。

Similar to a lot of human societies the Hakka women are usually not the social or symbolic representative of their society. However, since 1980 the feminism anthropologists have pointed that utterance or silence by women need more detailed description and discussion. We should concern more on the linguistic context of women speaker, and their stance or device during speaking or conversation. In line with the theoretical background of Hakka study and the anthropology of women as social actor and speaker, this project will describe and discuss the Hakka women and their experiences of moving between country and country, city and city, city and town, town and town, or home and home. Regarding with the different scales of space, place, locality, distances and the variations of land scape bounded with culture or language, this project will especially focus on the relation between the multiple moving or migration experience of Hakka women and their imagination and presentation of diaspora, homeland, and ethnicity by oral narrations, writing, or visual and audio documentation. With regard to the global Hakka formation, we know that the Hakka in Taiwan and the oversea Hakka have related to each other. Hakka women’s life history and narrations on their migration or moving experience should be one of the important aspects for the formation of Global Hakka. As part of the three-year-collaborative project, “the Formation of Global Hakka,” I will especially focus and compare the Hakka women who are living in North America, Southeast Asia and Taiwan as the subject and explore their imagination and representation on diaspora, homeland and ethnicity by oral narrations, written work, visual and audial documentations.