臺灣華語「塞」和「堵」的詞彙語意研究

Abstract

本研究探討台灣華語近意詞 「塞」和「堵」，我們結合框架語意學(Fillmore 1985; Fillmore and Atkin 1992)以及構式語法(Goldberg 1995)，以動詞的參與角色以及句式下的搭配互動，區辨這兩個動詞的特色。首先，我們觀察這兩個動詞在語料庫中語法的使用與搭配情形，以清楚定義他們相似和相異的事件本質。我們發現多義性動詞「塞」可以表達一個致使移動事件(caused-motion event)，意即「施事者」將「客體」移動到某一「處所」。其處所的語意屬性為封閉且相對狹窄的空間。由不同的框架語意角色以及語法上的互動表現，「塞」也可以表達阻擋事件，意即「客體」移動到某一「處所」，並使空間受阻。其處所的語意屬性為通道。另外，「塞」和阻擋類動詞「堵」共有的事件中，可表示非意志性的物體移動至通道，使得空間不順暢。阻擋類動詞 「堵」較側重對空間移動路徑的阻擋，以防止人或物進入。然而，透過語意角色的提取和隱藏(Goldberg 1995)，與「塞」不同的阻擋事件中，「堵」可以傳達主事者透過阻擋空間，致使客體不能移動的事件。本研究主要透過框架理論以及語意語法互動下的表現，試圖釐清「塞」 和 「堵」這組近意詞的動詞事件的本質以及相似與不同的事件表現，對中文詞彙動詞研究有進一步的貢獻。

This thesis probes into the near-synonymous pair sāi and dǔ in Taiwan Mandarin. Integrating the notion of Frame Semantic (Fillmore 1985; Fillmore and Atkin 1992) and Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995), we aim to explore their distinct patterns of mapping semantic roles onto syntactic realization to distinguish their syntactic and semantic similarities and differences. With a corpus examination of the syntactic and collocation distribution, sāi and dǔ can be defined within their eventive inferences. We find that the polysemous sāi is one of the placement verb in Taiwan Mandarin and conveys the caused-motion event. The basic sense of this event is that an AGENT causes PATIENTS to move to a LOCATION by filling. Its semantic attribute of the location is a confined space. In addition, sāi encodes the blocking event: THEMES move to a LOCATION by blocking. Its semantic attribute of the location is a passageway. On the other hand, the blocking verb dǔ shares the non-volitional blocking event with sāi. Compared with sāi, it profiles blocking a location so that no entry or passing through is allowed. With the mechanism of profiling and shading (Goldberg 1995), blocking event of dǔ expresses the notion that ‘an AGENT causes PATIENTS not to move by blocking a LOCATION,’ but sāi cannot. All in all, the study aims to clarify the event structures that the two verbs predicate and develop a comprehensive account for the lexical specificity of the near-synonymous pair sāi and dǔ in Taiwan Mandarin.