習近平時代下中國互聯網監管與新媒體格局變遷研究

Abstract

2012年中共十八大產生以習近平為總書記的新一屆中共中央，標誌著中國進入「習近平時代」。習近平上任後高度重視互聯網，成立由他任組長的中共中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組，並多次就互聯網發表講話：不僅要求「讓網絡空間清朗起來」，也強調各級政府與官媒要「敢於亮劍」，搶占互聯網輿論陣地。鑑於中國對於世界之影響力，而中共總書記習近平對中國發展形勢的關鍵影響，以及中國政府積極介入世界互聯網治理的意願，都說明對習近平時代的互聯網治理以及其欲打造的新媒體格局進行研究的重要性。本研究旨在藉由整體性分析中國互聯網政策與新媒體產業的發展脈絡，以探討習近平時代中國互聯網監管與新媒體格局的變遷。 本研究發現習近平上任後，中國互聯網呈現出兩大面向。一是在互聯網監管政策上延續過往威權管制策略，但強度增加，主要體現在行政監管層級提高並形塑以中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組為核心的新互聯網管制中心點、訂立新法與推行實名制、統戰收編意見領袖等方面；二是在新媒體格局上，除了既有管制手段，中國政府積極打造和調整新媒體產業格局，其主要面向包括中國官媒進駐以微博微信為主的私營新媒體平台、建立澎湃新聞等官辦新媒體網站、改變對外宣傳渠道等，藉此類方式影響和控制互聯網輿論，逐步奪回互聯網新媒體話語權，形成「國進民退」的新變化趨勢。

In 2012, Xi Jinping was elected to be the general secretary by the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, marking China into the Xi Jinping era. Xi attached great importance to the internet issues and established the central leading group for internet security and informatization and he demanded that the governments and their official media not only let the internet become clear and bright but also seize the commanding heights of the internet. Based on the China’s influence on the world and Xi’s key impact on China’s development, and the Chinese government is actively involved in internet governance of the world, all illustrate the importance of research about the internet governance and the rearrangement of new media industries in the Xi era. The present study aims to analyze the developing context of Chinese internet policies and new media industries, and to explore the changes of Chinese internet regulatory and new media pattern in the Xi era. The study found that the China's internet presents two major aspects in the Xi era. The first is that the Chinese internet regulatory policies are continuations of existing authoritarian means, but showing the pressure on the degree of regulation, and mainly reflecting in improving the level of administrative supervision and shaping the new internet control center, enhancing the coverage of laws and regulations and implementation of real-name system, and incorporated opinion leaders. Secondly, in the new media pattern, in addition to existing control measures, the Chinese government actively creates and adjusts the structure of new media industries. The Chinese official media are stationed in private new media platforms and establish some government-run new media news sites and change the external publicity channels to control and influence public opinion in the internet and gradually regain the voice of the new media, showing a new trend of "the state advances, the private sector retreats".