論我國對營業秘密之保護-以營業秘密法為中心

Abstract

國內產業已經逐漸擺脫勞力密集而轉型為資本與技術密集，企業對於智慧財產權之取得、累積、使用及保護等需求逐漸提高，在智慧財產權中，營業秘密之經濟價值繫諸於其本身之秘密性，一但洩漏，對企業的損害具有不可回復性，足見其重要性。然而，營業秘密之保護有其特殊性之要求，為了掌握營業秘密法的立法精神及相關法律全貌，本文以營業秘密法為中心，比較美國、德國與日本等法制先進國家的營業秘密發展歷程，並探討台灣法律環境對於營業秘密之保護是否完備及現行營業秘密法是否足以保護國內企業。 早期營業秘密必須要以明確保密合約為前提，營業秘密所有權人才能主張保護營業秘密的權力，即所謂營業秘密之契約法理論；隨營業秘密保護觀念之推展，接著又有突破契約法的理論，而以處罰不正當方法取得、占有、洩露、使用他人營業秘密之侵權行為法理論；再進而發展到以經濟市場競爭健全化為出發點，認為營業秘密之保護法益並非單純保護營業秘密所有權人本身而已，而是為了公共利益而限制以不正當方式破壞公平競爭之對象以保護企業因擁有營業秘密而取得的競爭優勢，即所謂不正競爭理論；最後發展到承認營業秘密屬於無形財產權或智慧財產權，因此必須與有形財產具有同樣經濟價值及法律上重要意義，從而應該賦予營業秘密財產權，確保所有權人之營業秘密受到法律保障之財產理論。 本文除了探討營業秘密法外，同時也探討國內其他與保護營業秘密有關的法規範，包括民法、勞動基準法、刑法、公平交易法及公司法等，以全方位的方式盤點國內保護營業秘密的客觀環境。

關鍵字：營業秘密法、經濟間諜法、競業禁止、民法、刑法、勞動基準法、公平交易法、公司法、洩漏工商秘密罪、背信罪、損害賠償

The domestic industry has gradually emerged from labor-intensive and transformed into capital and technology-intensive industries. The acquisition, accumulation, use and protection of intellectual property rights have been gradually improved. In intellectual property rights, the economic value of trade secrets depends on its own secret. Once the trade secret is leaked, the damage to the enterprise is irreversible. This shows the importance of trade secrets. However, the protection of trade secrets has its particular requirements. In order to understand the legislative spirit of the trade secret law and the whole picture of the relevant laws, this paper takes the trade secret law as the center to compare the development of the trade secret law of the advanced countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan. And to explore whether the legal environment in Taiwan is complete for the protection of trade secrets and whether the existing trade secrets law is sufficient to protect domestic enterprises. Early trade secrets must be based on a clear confidentiality contract; the trade secret owner can claim its power to protect the trade secret. This is the so-called contract law theory. With the continuous development of the concept of trade secret protection, and a new theory was put forward. Penalties are made by improper means of obtaining, possession, disclosure, and the use of the law of the tort of others. And then to the development of economic market competition to improve the starting point. Trade secrets to protect the object is not just to protect the owner of the trade secret itself, but for the public interest and limit the unfair way to undermine the object of fair competition to protect the business because of the secrets of business and the competitive advantage, the so-called unfair competition theory. And finally to the property theory that recognizes those trade secrets belong to intangible property or intellectual property rights and must have the same economic value and legal significance as tangible property, and thus should give trade secret property rights and ensure that the owner's trade secrets are legally guaranteed. In addition to discussing the trade secret law, this article also discusses other domestic laws and regulations related to the protection of trade secrets, including civil law, labor benchmark law, criminal law, fair trade law and corporate law, a comprehensive way to inventory the domestic protection of trade secrets Objective environment.

Keywords: Trade Secrets Act, Economic Espionage Law, Non-competition, Civil Code, Criminal Code, Labor Standards Act, Fair Trade Act, Company Act, Leakage of Trade Secrets, Breach of Trust, Penalty for damages