管理者決策時是否落入追求局部最佳思維?

Abstract

工業4.0是目前相當被關注的話題，大多著重於如何利用自動化，網路化與生產結合的各種作法，減少對於人力生產的依賴與「資料」的收集方式改善。 近年來在管理學有很多學派興起如:豐田管理/六標準差/精益生產等，在生產管理的範疇中也都有提出各種改善的方法，但從很多的產業案例中可以發現，企業仍會面臨庫存偏高，缺料等困境，透過研究限制理論中提到的追求局部最佳思維:只偏重於追求降低單位成本與尋求局部最佳化，無法使系統達到整體最佳化，以及第五項修練中提到:系統化思考是五項修練中最重要的項目。 所以我們想探討:在面臨做決策判斷時，管理者的管理思維是否與時俱進，提升整體經營成果，或者不夠全面，只偏重於尋求局部最佳化與追求降低單位成本，而無法使系統達到整體最佳化，進而提供改善建議。以服務公司作為個案研究對象，利用訪談與問卷的方法，利用設計的題目與各種不同的情境作分析研究。 研究結果受訪者都具備了基本的管理常識，在單純的情境模擬下，可以做出正確的判斷，但如果在模擬情境中加入更多的條件後，即使在科技與資訊爆發的今日，受訪者無法發現制約，而落入追求局部最佳化的思維，無法做出對組織整體最有利的決策，組織需在此層面上多作練習改善。

Industry 4.0 has been the topic of focus for many years. For being less dependent on manpower and integrating new methods of data collection, most application of Industry 4.0 is to use factory automation, Internet of things, and the adoption of electronics and IT system for enhancing production process. In recent years, many commonly adopted business management strategies such as Toyota Production System, Six Sigma, Lean Production, used to improve process efficiency and quality for business. However, in many business cases across industries, business managers still encounter struggles such as excess stock in inventory and lack of material. According to Theory of Constraints, the pursuit of locally optimal solution cannot get system optimized in all aspects because it only focuses on the decrease of unit cost and finding locally optimal solutions. Besides, according to the Fifth Discipline, system thinking is an important element and is important application for decision makers in organizations. This research will explore the effectiveness of decision made from management levels. Besides, author would like to explore if decision makers in organizations will only focus on the pursuit of local optimization and lower unit costs. Therefore, in this research, scenario has been designed and studied, methods of interview and survey will be used for collecting findings from decision makers . The results of the study shows that managers have the basic management knowledge and make the right judgments in a simple simulation situation. However, once more conditions added in the simulation situation, even in the modern age where information explodes every minute, interviewers fall into the pursuit of local optimization of thinking without noticing they were restricted for finding locally optimal solutions and end up making ineffective business decisions for whole organization