用道具說故事:高齡者經驗分享之應用探討

Abstract

隨著社會高齡化不斷演進的背景下,長期照護因應的措施和服務儼然成為持續發酵的話題。如何塑造愉悅的高齡社會形態,保持活躍老化可預見將是未來的趨勢。由於銀髮族退休後面臨更多變動和轉換,伴隨著自身心態趨向謹慎封閉、居住和活動範圍縮小、社交能力逐漸弱化和失勢,逐漸陷入自我孤立的惡性循環裏。就以往的長照關注點大多從病理學的角度切入,而對人際協調重新適應變動環境的涉略資料相對較為匱乏。若能依據長輩的身心狀況建立適宜的溝通模式,不僅有助於長輩提升自我價值,也能為僵局打開契機,重拾與外界互動交流的習慣。 本研究透過場域觀察和口語分析,瞭解長輩在說故事情境中隱含的細微行為、心理轉折變化而導致的需求點,以探討道具介入之溝通方式。其次,再以團隊活動之實驗,透過不同物件引導長輩交流,以懷舊意象喚起長輩早期情感體驗,來營造安全和自由的交流氛圍。用不同的主題和道具,從物件挑選到組構,從具象認知到抽象表達,逐步提升長輩的表達能力,並瞭解長者如何在活動中說故事所需要的認知敘事和想像力。研究發現,整體而言,長者透過道具說故事有四個重點。第一,道具的挑選與經驗的偏好有關,第二,道具可作為溝通物、聯想物及連接物,呈現操作程序和記憶,第三,具象之道具較易勾起長者的回憶,利於引發經驗溝通與分享,抽象之道具可以就地取材,利於更自由多元的表達,第四,當參與者選擇道具分享時,會有情緒的連動或抒發。 長輩透過道具的輔助,不僅有助於建立自我與他人的舒適距離、更有條理的表達自己的經驗想法,且在互動中也透過他人道具的故事分享,能更瞭解對方拉近彼此的關係；運用道具可重塑長輩的溝通路徑,跨越現有溝通敘事的阻礙和挑戰,從而達到人際連結的目的。

In the context of this aging society, the long-term care measures and services have become a heated topic. How to shape a happy aging society and maintain an active aging momentum can be foreseen as a future trend. As the elderly group is facing more changes and transformation after retirement, they tend to be more cautious and closed with a narrowed living and activity scope, whose social skills are gradually weakened and lost, eventually ending up into a vicious spiral of self isolation. In the past, the focus of long-term attention is mostly from the pathological point of view, while the data on the adaptation of interpersonal coordination to the changing environment is relatively scarce. The establishment of a suitable communication model according to the elders' physical and mental conditions not only helps the elders to enhance their self-worth, but also opens the opportunity for the deadlock, and regaining the habit of interacting with the outside world. Through according to observation and oral analysis, this study aims to find out the demand points caused by the subtle behaviors and psychological changes implied by the elders in the storytelling situation, so as to explore their communication styles. Secondly, based on the experiment of team activities, objects are used to guide elders' communications, and to evoke early emotional experience by nostalgic images, so as to create a safe and free atmosphere for communication. With different themes and props, from the selection of objects to the organization, and from concrete cognition to abstract expression, it can gradually enhance the expressive ability of elders, and understand the cognitive narrative and imagination that the elders need to use during the story telling activities. Generally speaking, there are four major points in the elders’ telling stories with props. Firstly, the selection of props is related to their experience preference. Secondly, the props can be used as material objects for communications, associations and connections, presenting operation procedures and memories. Thirdly, tangible props are more likely to evoke the past memory of the elderly and bring about experience communications and sharing, while the abstract props are mostly available on the spot, and are more conducive to free and multivariant expressions. Fourthly, when the participants choose prop sharing, there will be emotional movements or expressions. The study results demonstrate that with the aid of props, it not only helps to build a comfortable distance and express their ideas in a more organized way, but in the interaction through the props to share the story of others, they can have a better understanding of each other and narrow the distance between each other; the adoption of props can reshape the communication path, overcome the existing communication narrative obstacles and challenges, so as to achieve the purpose of interpersonal connection.