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dc.contributor.authorLin, Jr-Linen_US
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Chihpinen_US
dc.contributor.authorChin, Ching-Ju M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPan, Jill R.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2019-04-02T05:58:45Z-
dc.date.available2019-04-02T05:58:45Z-
dc.date.issued2009-09-01en_US
dc.identifier.issn0043-1354en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.023en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11536/149841-
dc.description.abstractThe composition of hydrolyzed Al species is essential for the understanding of coagulation with Al-based coagulants. Surface characteristics of flocs formed by coagulation with two distinct polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants were identified. One commercial coagulant (PACl-C) with voluminous monomeric Al and colloidal Al(OH)(3) and a custom-made PACl (PACl-Al-13) containing high Al-13 content were applied to destabilize kaolin particles. The flocs formed by PACl-C and PACl-Al-13 at neutral and alkaline pH ranges, respectively, were observed by FE-SEM and HR-TEM. In addition, the Al composition of these flocs was characterized by XPS and HR-XRD, and the imaging of Al(OH)(3) precipitates and Al-13 aggregates were conducted by SEM as well as tapping mode AFM in liquid system. The observations of flocs indicate that the morphology of Al(OH)(3)-rich flocs are fluffy and porous around the edge of flocs, while the Al-13-aggregate flocs have a glossy contour and irregular structure. Both Al(OH)(3)-rich and Al-13-aggregate flocs do not possess well-formed crystalline structure except for the Al-13-like crystal exists in the Al-13-aggregate flocs. Among Al(OH)(3) precipitates, colloidal Al(OH)(3) is micro-scale in size, while amorphous Al(OH)(3) is nano-scale. During the formation of Al-13 aggregates, some coiled and clustered Al-13 aggregates with smoother surface were observed. The XPS study on floc surface showed that tetrahedral (Al-IV)/octahedral (Al-VI) Al ratio on the surfaces of PACl-C and PACl-Al-13 flocs is 1:1.6 and 1:9.9, respectively. Of the in situ formed Al-13, almost half of Al-hydroxide precipitates on the surface of Al(OH)(3)-rich flocs possess the Al-IV center. It also found that the irregularly aggregated Al-13 with a similar Al-13 Crystalline structure subsists on the surface of Al-13-aggregate flocs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.en_US
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.subjectPAClen_US
dc.subjectCoagulationen_US
dc.subjectAl-13en_US
dc.subjectAluminum hydroxideen_US
dc.subjectCompositionen_US
dc.subjectXPSen_US
dc.titleThe origin of Al(OH)(3)-rich and Al-13-aggregate flocs composition in PACl coagulationen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.023en_US
dc.identifier.journalWATER RESEARCHen_US
dc.citation.volume43en_US
dc.citation.spage4285en_US
dc.citation.epage4295en_US
dc.contributor.department環境工程研究所zh_TW
dc.contributor.department生物科技學系zh_TW
dc.contributor.departmentInstitute of Environmental Engineeringen_US
dc.contributor.departmentDepartment of Biological Science and Technologyen_US
dc.identifier.wosnumberWOS:000270629500021en_US
dc.citation.woscount47en_US
Appears in Collections:Articles