阿岡本“例外統治”裡的薄暮或晨晦

Abstract

本論文試圖批判的評論阿岡本的近作《例外狀態》，分別探討他涉入的歷史分析：當代藉例外狀態而部署的主權暴力，如何在歷史中轉形成為今日的常態統治形式，其後果如何改變我們生活其間的民主制度；同時探討他的哲學介入：例外狀態如何成為構作法律體系的虛空，如何建立了法律與無法(lawlessness, anomie)之間隱藏卻根本的關係。本文比較探討了阿岡本與傅柯、德希達之間劃異卻仍共同的主題，與班雅明之間承繼卻又差別的觀點。對於阿岡本極為隱晦的政治暗示，本文試圖在他較早的著作尋求有助於理解的脈絡，例如從他受Bataille-Kojève-Queneau辯論所啟發的「閒怠政治」，理解他「讓（法律暴力）機器停擺」的訴求，進而比較他與他的同儕，義大利左翼基進思想的Toni Negri與Paolo Virno等人在理論立場上的接近與差別。本文批判的評論了阿岡本架構的局限：民族做為歷史主體，種族做為政治宣稱，以及所牽涉的認同、歸屬、集體慾望與記憶等面向，在阿岡本的分析裡是缺席的。從他的分析，我們只獲得主權與裸命(bare life)之間相對抽象關係的理解，而且媒介其間的概念局限於法律的視域。本文也質疑他回歸班雅明的彌賽亞訴求，以及他對於law/lawlessness與nomos/anomie概念上替代與約簡造成的誤解與困惑。本文試圖指出阿岡本的分析創作了一個「例外統治」的類型(genre)，其晦暗色調的政治展望乃類型的效果，而這個類型未能考慮歷史上其他重要形式與意義的「例外狀態」。

This article seeks to critically review Giogio Agamben's work on the idea of the ”state of exception.” It draws out both of his historical analysis of how the state of exception has become a paradigm of government today and his philosophical thought on the paradoxical relationship between law and the absence of law. It also comparatively explored the differences between the theoretical position of Agamben and that of Foucault, Derrida and Benjamin, in regarding to the notions of biopolitics, deconstruction, and messiah respectively. Drawing on the context of his earlier works such as a politics of ”desoeuvrement” or ”inoperosità”, this article tries to understand the political implication that is vaguely proposed by Agamben; also compared is the affinities and distance of the political outlooks between Agamben and his peer Italian Leftist theorists such as Toni Negri and Paolo Virno. This article also points out several limitations of Agamben's framework: the analysis remains trapped within an abstract horizon of the law, important factors outside the juridical category, such as claims to nationhood, collective aspiration, sentiments of belonging and identity, played no part in his analysis; the reduction of the more complicated concepts of nomos and anomie to somewhat reified concepts of law and lawlessness generates obscurity and suspicious conclusion. Finally, the article argues that Agamben has constructed a genre of the ”exceptional rule” The dark political outlook is a specific effect of the genre, which failed to consider other historically significant forms of the state of exception.