全球城市的自我形象塑造：談老上海的懷舊論述

Abstract

本文試圖以上海作家王安憶的作品為例，對照參考都市計畫語言，說明上海懷舊語言是全球城市意識型態的特殊表現。分析東亞全球城市建造(global city formation)的都市規劃語言，我們常發現兩個重要元素，其一是向外尋求可供參照之先例，其二是向內尋找歷史偶發事件來證明城市本身具備全球化的條件。換言之，全球城市的自我形象塑造(image-making)可說是仰賴如此的雙重鏡相：鏡子的一面映照世界知名的全球城市。鏡子的另一面則映照城市過往歷史，強調全球化的現在與未來能連結往日黃金歲月，因此有其必然性。1980年代後期以來極力發展為全球城市的上海提供了一個具體複雜的例子讓我們思考全球城市形象塑造的意識型態。上海懷舊因全球化而起，試圖將歷史發展的動線與想像中全球城市的原型編織成似乎天衣無縫的全球城市大話(grand narrative)。王安憶的文學書寫也為此大話所驅動，但是文學的思考使她的作品凸顯全球城市願景－上海懷舊－的破綻，亦即歷史發展既然與日常生活緊密相連，日常生活依賴的地理空間如果消失，歷史也可能隨之飄零潰散。或許新與舊在上海不能並存，召喚原汁原味的老上海並不足以充分消弭全球城市特殊地景與文化帶來的各種衝突。上海的過去與未來像是兩面鏡相，相互映照，卻無法彼此連結，構成一體，而懷舊論述所呈現的歷史深度感常只是全球城市為求落實資本主義規劃空間所創造的文化資本(cultural capital)。

This article aims to explain how the nostalgic narratives of Old Shanghai are informed by the projected self-image of the global city. In the contemporary development of the global city in East Asia, two common rules underpin the rhetoric of place-making. First, the urban planning discourse projects an ideal other as a role-model, such as London or New York, for the blueprint of redevelopment. Second, this language tends to look back to uncover a historical era of the city and in so doing rationalizes the global city formation as a continuation of the old glories. In the process of Shanghai's urban restructuring since the late 1980s the promotion language finds itself exemplary of the two characteristics mentioned above. The urban discourse of Shanghai of the late twentieth century draws attention to Old Shanghai in the 1930s-the city's past of extraterritoriality serves to justify Shanghai's global city campaign. Meanwhile, the cosmopolitan culture and cityscape of Old Shanghai in this semi-colonial past are invoked as a predecessor of existing world-famous global cities. This Shanghai nostalgia, wish-fulfillment rhetoric indeed, takes a complicated shape in some of the works of Shanghai novelist Wang Anyi. Juxtaposing the urban discourse of Shanghai nostalgia and Wang Anyi's detailed portrayal of the good old days of Shanghai lilongs in her novel, The Song of Unending Sorrow, I tease out the tension between Shanghai nostalgia in Wang's literary representations of the transformation of Shanghai and the two rules of selffashioning a global city so as to further critique the problems inherent in the place-making ideology of contemporary global cities.