标题: 与山姆大叔的着作物贸易:从平行输入,台美贸易与合理使用谈起
Trading Copyright Products with Uncle Sam: Parallel Imports Ban, Taiwan-U.S. Trade and Fair Use
作者: 江苑臻
Yuan-Chen Chiang
王敏铨

Ming-Chuan Wang
Eric Wang
科技法律研究所
关键字: 平行输入;灰色市场;合理使用;国际贸易;台美贸易;耗尽理论;散布权;输入权;三零一条款;着作权法八十七条之一;市场失灵;parallel imports;gray market;fair use;International trade;Taiwan -U.S. Trade;Exhaustion Doctrine;Distribution right;Import right;Section 301of Trade Act;Article 87bis of Copyright Law;Market Failure;Wendy Gordon
公开日期: 2006
摘要: 一国是否允许着作物的真品平行输入,牵涉到该国在着作权之立法政策上是否允许着作权人享有散布权及输入权,是否采取耗尽理论(exhaustion Doctrine),以及所采用者究为“国际耗尽”、“国内耗尽”亦或“区域耗尽”而有不同。在美国三零一贸易报复的强大压力下,我国于民国八十二年四月修正着作权时,明文禁止着作之真品平行输入(着作权法第八十七条第四款),只于相当有限的例外情形下(着作权法第八十七条之一)承认平行输入的合法性,此举无异于在未承认着作权人散布权的情况下,先行创设了属于散布权能的输入权;民国九十二年修正的着作权法为了矫正此矛盾立法,增订散布权(新法第二十八条之一),采用国内耗尽理论对散布权的范围加以限制(新法第五十九条之一),然而这样的做法仍未彻底解决此问题,因为平行输入物一般系由输入者于国外合法取得,既然该着作物并非在国内取得,着作权人的散布权并未耗尽,输入者仍须受民事与刑事追诉,加上司法实务上总将此纇平行输入之着作重制物,视为“非法重制物”,因此纵使该输入物系在国内取得后输出国外再回销回台湾,第三人亦无法依着作权法第六十条的例外规定而合法出租及散布平行输入物。

本文从平行输入的形成、现行台湾着作权法对平行输入的规范及其法源依据出发,探讨立法过程中台美贸易政策所扮演的角色,禁止平行输入对台美贸易的影响,以及此种立法对台湾与美国着作权产业的负面效果,进而比较国际公约与美国着作权法对于平行输入的规定,观察我国此种立法政策及司法运作是否妥适;本文另外也指出美国贸易法的三零一条款并未遵守WTO相关规定,而禁止平行输入也可能反被其他WTO会员国认为是不当的贸易障碍,另外再从经济学“市场失灵”(market failure)理论的观点,分析禁止真品平行输入是否能增进我国人民最大经济效益,并主张以合理使用原则,而非耗尽原则,来解决着作物平行输入的争议,换句话说,法官在处理平行输入案件时,应针对每一个案评估禁止与允许平行输入对社会公益及着作权人权益的影响,参酌允许平行输入的经济效益及对于促进我国文化创新的助益,而非断然以国内耗尽理论与僵硬的法条操作,否定平行输入的合法性,如此才不致与着作权法所欲达成促进社会文化进步之宗旨有所捍格。
Under current intellectual property laws regime, Copyright Law which aims at promoting the progress of culture, along with Patent Law and Trademark Law, are all facing the challenges from parallel imports in gray market. Taiwan’s current Patent Law expressly permitted parallel importation (Patent Law Article 57(6)), and courts, as well as conventional wisdom, both recognize the legality of parallel imports in Trademark Law. Nevertheless, after Amendment in April 1993, Article 87 (4) was added to Taiwan’s Copyright Law which forbid parallel imports with limited exceptions due to the fear of Section 301 trade sanction from U.S. This enactment essentially creates a new distribution right for copyright owner in addition to the eumberated exclusive rights which only include the right to reproduce, right to revise, publicly display right and rental right, and etc. Furthermore, most courts still hold those parallel imports as illegal copies, even if they are manufactured with authorization initially. Courts tend to deem them as unlawful copies and refused to grant exemption under Article 60, thereby a third party distributor of those imports are still subject to civil and criminal penalties.

This Thesis starts from the cause of parallel imports, how current Copyright Law regulates parallel imports, the role U.S. and Taiwan’s trade policy played in the legislative process of Copyright Law, the impact and adverse effect of parallel import ban on trade between U.S. and Taiwan, then proceeds to research on how U.S. law and international treaties cope with parallel import issue as a reference for reviewing the propriety of this enactment. This Thesis will indicate that Section 301 of Trade Act is not in compliance with WTO laws, and conversely, the ban on parallel imports may risk Taiwan to be challeged by other WTO Members as an unlawful trade barrier. Furthermore, with the analysis of market failure theory, this Thesis proposed that current parallel import ban should be lifted, and, instead of exhaustion doctrine, fair use doctrine should be applied to evaluate each parallel import case in a case -by -case manner, taking into account its impact on public interest and copyright owner’s private benefit so that the regulations on parallel imports could be consistent with the objectives of Copyright Law in promoting the progress of culture and useful art.
URI: http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#GT009038509
http://hdl.handle.net/11536/39480
显示于类别:Thesis


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